Description

Notes

Good Links

Synonyms from the Mayflies of North America accessed 4 June 2009.

Diphetor hageni (Eaton), 1885 [CAN:FN,NE,NW;USA:FN,NE,NW,SE,SW]
    * Baetis devinctus Traver, 1935 (syn.)
    * Baetis hageni Eaton, 1885 (renam.)
    * Baetis herodes Burks, 1953 (syn.)
    * Baetis parvus Dodds, 1923 (syn.)
    * Baetis unicolor (Hagen), 1861 (hom.comb.)
    * Cloe unicolor Hagen, 1861 (hom.: C. unicolor Curtis, 1834)
    * Diphetor devinctus (Traver), 1935 (syn.)

References

Ball,SL; Hebert,PDN; Burian,SK; Webb,JM 2005 Biological identification of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) using DNA barcodes. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 24 3, 508-524.

Bergman, EA and WL Hilsenhoff 1978 Parthenogenisis in the mayfly genus Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 71:167-168.
     Discussed as Baetis hageni. They found that D. hageni was parthenogenic in the lab. They mention that northern populations of D. hageni frequently lack males. They observed virgin Baetis species which readily laid eggs when held in the water were parthenogenic, while the animals that had to have their eggs dissected out did not hatch. Other labs mentioned in this paper found parthenogenic species that would not oviposit in captivity, so this does not always hold true. They also noted the non-parthenogenic animals had eggs with more adhesive which indicates a different type of oviposition behavior.

DeWalt,RE; Stewart,KW; Moulton,SR; Kennedy,JH 1994 Summer emergence of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies from a Colorado mountain stream. Southwestern Naturalist 39 3, 249-256.

Dodds,GS 1923 Mayflies from Colorado: descriptions of certain species and notes on others. Transactions of American Entomological Society 69, 93-116.
     Discussed as Baetis parvus.

Eaton AE. 1883-1888. A revisional monograph of recent Ephemeridae or mayflies. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Second Series, Zoology 3:1-352, 65 pl.
     On page 169, Eaton decided this was a Baetis species and that it had the wrong species name. This used to be called Cloe unicolor until Eaton noticed unicolor was taken by another species. So he named it Baetis hageni to respect the taxonomist (H. Hagen) who originally named this species. Of course this wasn't the last word, there were many name changes and synonymies to come, see Meyer and McCafferty and Waltz and McCafferty.


Gilpin,BR and Brusven,MA 1970 Food habits and ecology of mayflies of the St. Maries River in Idaho. Melanderia 4:19-40. PDF
     Discussed as Baetis parvus.



McCafferty,WP; Durfee,RS and Kondratieff,BC 1993 Colorado mayflies (Ephemeroptera): an annotated inventory. Southwestern Naturalist 38 3, 252-274. PDF
     Quote from page 258: "This is a distinctive, transcontinental species known from British Columbia to Quebec and south to North Carolina, Indiana, Missouri and Colorado."

McCafferty,WP Meyer,MD; Randolph,RP and Webb,JM 2008 Evaluation of mayfly species originally described as Baetis Leach (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from California. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 110(3) 577-591.

McNamara,AE; and Hill,WR 1999 Effects of UV dose and irradience: comparison among grazers. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 18 (3) 370-380.Abstract
     Abstract: "Two laboratory studies were completed to look at the effects of UV-B radiation on stream invertebrate grazers and periphyton. Short-term UV-B doses were administered to baetid mayfly nymphs (Diphetor hageni), chironomid midge larvae (Corynoneura taris), and snails (Elimia clavaeformis and Physella gyrina) to determine relative susceptibility to UV-B stress. Irradiance, total dose, and organism size all contributed to UV-B-induced mortality. Mayfly nymphs and midge larvae had similar UV-B thresholds whereas snails were relatively resistant to UV-B. Attached periphyton communities were exposed to 1 or 19 days of 4 hr UV-B treatments. Photosynthetic rates, total algal biovolume, and pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and carotenoids) decreased with increasing irradiance. Algal nutritional quality did not appear to suffer when irradiated with UV-B; both a feeding experiment using Physella gyrina snails and nutrient analyses indicated no change in nutritional status of the periphyton."

Mebane,CA; Schmidt,TS; Miller,JL and Balistrieri,LS 2020 Bioaccumulation and toxicity of cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc and their mixtures to aquatic insect communities. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 39(4) 812-833. PDF

Meyer,MD and McCafferty,WP 2001 Hagen's small minnow mayfly (Ephemeroptera:Baetidae) in North America. Entomological News 112 4, 255-263.
     Synonymizes the species Diphetor devinctus from California with D. hageni. Has a detailed discussion of the name changes D. hageni has suffered. To summarize, this species was first named Cloe unicolor, which was changed because it was in the wrong genus and someone else had already used the name unicolor for another species. However, the name proposed, Baetis hageni was ignored by most taxonomic workers in the early and mid 1900s who called it Baetis unicolor instead. Then in 1962 Edmunds explained why B. hageni was better and everyone followed that until Waltz and McCafferty created a new genus Diphetor. Other species that have been synonymized or merged with D. hageni in the past include Baetis herodes and Baetis parvus. There are more details I am skipping including Palearctic records of other species that really aren't in the genus Diphetor, but once were erroneously called as such. Whew! That's where we're at today with the name of this species. They also have illustrations of the variability in male genitalia and adult hindwings. This variation explains some of the confusion.

Morihara,DK and McCafferty,WP 1979a The Baetis larvae of North America (Ephemeroptera:Baetidae). Transactions of American Entomological Society 105, 139-221.
     Discussed as Baetis hageni. They synonymized Baetis parvus with B. hageni and noticed how similar B. hageni was to what was called at the time Baetis devinctus.

Peckarsky,BL; Encalada,AC and McIntosh,AR 2011 Why do vulnerable mayflies thrive in trout streams?. American Entomologist, 57(3), pp.152-164. PDF

Poff,NL; Olden,JD; Viera,NKM; Finn,DS; Simmons,MP and Kondratieff,BC 2006 Functional trait niches of American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 25 4, 730-755.
     Here are the traits for this species from the Appendix:

Life History	Voltinism	Bi or multivoltine - more than 1 generation/yr
	Development	Fast Seasonal
	Synchronization of emergence	Poorly synchronized
	Adult life span	Less than 1 week
	Adult ability to exit	Absent
	Ability to survive dessication	Absent
Mobility	Female dispersal	Less than 1km flight before laying eggs
	Adult flying strength	Weak - cannot fly into light breeze
	Occurance in drift	Rare (catastrophic only)
	Maximum crawling rate	Low - less than 100cm/hour
	Swimming ability	Strong
Morphology	Attachment	None (free ranging)
	Armoring	None (soft -bodied forms)
	Shape	Streamlined (fusiform)
	Respiration	Gills
	Size at maturity	Small (less than 9mm)
Ecology	Rheophily	Depositional and erosional
	Thermal preference	Cool/Warm eurythermal
	Habit	Swim
	Trophic habit	Collector-gatherer



Stauffer-Olsen,NJ; O'Grady,PM and Resh,VH 2019 Cytochrome oxidase I sequences from northern and southern California suggest cryptic Baetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) species. Western North American Naturalist, 79(2) 204-218. PDF

Waltz RD and McCafferty WP. 1987a New genera of Baetidae for some Nearctic species previously in Baetis Leach (Ephemeroptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 80:667-670.
     Created the genus Diphetor and called Diphetor hageni the type species.

Waltz,RD and McCafferty,WP 1997 New generic synonymies in Baetidae (Ephemeroptera). Entomological News 108 2, 134-140.

Ward,JV and Stanford,JA 1990 Ephemeroptera of the Gunnison River, Colorado, USA. In: Mayflies and Stoneflies. Ed: Campbell,IC Kluwer Academic Publishers, 215-220.
     Discussed as Baetis hageni.


Brown,WS 2004 Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Gunnison County, Colorado, USA
www.gunnisoninsects.org