Trichoptera or Caddisfly publications relevant to Gunnison County ColoradoMany older publications are available from the Biodiversity Library. Arranged by the first author's last name. Species names are linked to pages on this website. Scientific words and phrases are usually linked to wikipedia.
Updated 7 March 2026
A |B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | ZAAl Mousa,MDA 2020 Studies on the Odonata and Trichoptera of high-elevation lakes of northern Colorado and southern Wyoming. MS Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 187 pages. PDFAbstract: "Freshwater biodiversity loss is a major concern, and global warming is already causing a significant role in species extinctions. The main goal of this research was to provide a baseline for specific aquatic insect species distributions at high-elevation lentic habitats in Northcentral Colorado and Southern Wyoming. I provided occurrence records of the Hudsonian Emerald dragonfly (Somatochlora hudsonica, HED) in Northcentral Colorado and Southern Wyoming. The HED is the only Colorado dragonfly listed as threatened by the US Forest Service. It was ranked as critically imperiled in Colorado and vulnerable in Wyoming. I used Maxent (Maximum entropy), a machine learning program that uses species presence data and environmental variables to predict the potentially suitable habitat for species. Maxent was used to plot a map of the potentially suitable habitats of HED. Temperature seasonality, mean temperature of wettest quarter, precipitation of warmest quarter, precipitation of driest quarter, and precipitation seasonality were the key environmental factors for predicting the occurrence of HED in appropriate high-elevation lakes of Northcentral Colorado and Southern Wyoming with an accumulated contribution of 91%. Results of this study provided baseline data for the US Forest Service to assist to evaluate the conservation status of HED and potentially initiate protection plans in two national forests (The Arapaho & Roosevelt National Forest and the Medicine Bow & Routt National Forest) in Colorado and Wyoming. I report adult caddisflies from 136 montane and alpine lentic habitats, primarily lakes, of seven northern Colorado counties for the first time. My objective was to provide species records of adult and larval caddisflies from high-altitude lentic habitats that are not generally well sampled. These lakes may be potentially impacted by current and future global climate change scenarios. Field collection of adults and rearing of larvae were included with available unpublished and published records, resulting in 541 confirmed records of caddisfly species. Forty-nine species, representing 24% of all known Colorado caddisflies are documented. Seven families and 24 genera are represented. The Limnephilidae comprised 76% of the 49 recorded species. The other six families were usually represented by only one to four species. Distribution maps are presented for the six families and the most common limnephilid species. Montane and alpine lakes are vulnerable ecosystems likely to be impacted by climate change. Comprehensive faunal surveys are key to understanding long—term biodiversity changes and establishing conservation needs and priorities. In addition, species lists of taxa are important to monitor future faunal biodiversity changes." Al Mousa,MDA; Nachappa,P; Ruiter,DE; Givens,DR and Fairchild,MP 2022 Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of montane and alpine lakes of northern Colorado (USA). Western North American Naturalist, 82(3), pp.563-576. PDF Abstract: "Adult caddisflies of 138 montane and alpine lentic habitats, primarily lakes, of 7 northern Colorado counties are reported for the first time. Our objective was to provide species records of adult caddisflies from high-altitude lentic habitats that may potentially be impacted by current and future global climate change. Field collections of adults and captive rearing of larval specimens were coupled with unpublished records and an extensive review of published records, resulting in 541 confirmed caddisfly species records. Forty-nine caddisfly species, representing 24% of all known Colorado species are documented. Seven families and 21 genera are represented. The Limnephilidae comprised 76% of the 49 recorded species. The other 6 families were represented by only 1–4 species. One species was documented from alpine lakes only, 25 species from both montane and alpine lakes, 22 species from montane lakes only, and 1 species record could not be attributed to an elevation zone. We documented 6 regionally endemic species, 2 of which were recognized as vulnerable to extinction. Montane and alpine lakes are vulnerable ecosystems likely to be impacted by climate change. Comprehensive faunal surveys are key to understanding long-term biodiversity changes and establishing conservation needs and priorities. Species lists of taxa are important to monitor future faunal biodiversity changes." Allan,JD 1975 The distributional ecology and diversity of benthic insects in Cement Creek, Colorado. Ecology 56:1040-1053. PDF Widely cited longitudinal survey of Cement Creek. Allan,JD 1978 Trout predation and the size composition of stream drift. Limnology and Oceanography 23 (6) 1231-1237. Allan,JD 1987 Macroinvertebrate drift in a Rocky Mountain stream. Hydrobiologia 144: 261-268. Alstad,DN 1980 Comparative biology of the common Utah Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera). American Midland Naturalist 103, 167-174. Alstad,DN 1982 Current speed and filtration rate link caddisfly phylogeny and distributional patterns on a stream gradient. Science, 216(4545), 533-534. Abstract: " Patterns of body size and net construction suggest that current speed and food-particle concentration (not size) influence the distribution of suspension-feeding caddisflies on a downstream gradient. Large ancestral taxa with high filtration rates occur in resource-poor upstream habitats; more derived members of the phylogeny enter successively in downstream reaches with slower current and greater concentrations of particulate food. " Alvarez,M and Peckarsky,BL 2013 The influence of moss on grazers in high-altitude streams: food, refuge or both? Freshwater Biology, 58(9) 1982-1994. PDF Anderson,NH 1967 Biology and downstream drift of some Oregon Trichoptera. Canadian Entomologist 99(5):507-521. Anderson,NH 1974 The distributon and biology of the Oregon Trichoptera. Agric. Exper. Sta. Tech Bull. 134, Oregon Stae University, Corvallis. Anderson,NH and Bourne,JR 1974 Bionomics of three species of glossosomatid caddis flies (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) in Oregon. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 52(3), pp.405-411. Abstract: "The life cycles of three species of caddis flies of the family Glossosomatidae, Anagapetus bernea Ross, Agapetus bifidus Denning, and Glossosoma penitum Banks, are compared based on monthly collections from Oak Creek and Berry Creek, Benton County, Oregon. Glossosoma penitum, the most abundant species, is bivoltine with overlapping summer and winter generations. Anagapetus bernea and A. bifidus are univoltine with the former being a winter-growing species, and the latter a summer species. Differences in habitat preference occurred, though all three species were collected within a single square meter. Agapetus bifidus is more common in the slower water of glides, whereas G. penitum and A. bernea occur chiefly on the riffles. Anagapetus bernea is more restricted to the headwater regions and small side branches than is G. penitum. A key is provided to distinguish larvae of the three species and the cases are illustrated." Anderson,NH and Wisseman,RW 1987 Recovery of the Trichoptera fauna near Mt. St. Helens five years after the 1980 eruption. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Trichoptera (pp. 367-373). Springer Netherlands. PDF SUMMARY: "The stream fauna of the upper Clearwater Creek drainage was almost eliminated by the lateral blast and associated deposits of tephra and organic debris from the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens. Although 37 species have been recorded in benthic collections, the density of caddisflies in 1985 was only 30 m-2. Light-trap collections of adults for nine nights between July and September 1985 were compared for a site on Clearwater Creek, in the blast zone, and on a tributary where the riparian vegetation remained intact. More than 3,400 adults were collected and 55% of these were from the Clearwater Creek site. Of the 69 species identified, 45 were taken at Clearwater Creek and 56 at the Forested Tributary ; 33 species were common to both sites. Based on both the diversity and abundance of adults, it is apparent that low density of the benthic caddisfly fauna cannot be attributed to a lack of colonizing adults." Armitage,BJ 1991 Diagnostic atlas of the North American caddisfly adults. I. Philopotamidae (2nd ed.). The Caddis Press. Athens, AL. 79 pages. Armitage,BJ and Hamilton,SW 1990 Diagnostic atlas of the North American caddisfly adults. II. Ecnomidae, Polycentropodidae, Psychomyiidae, and Xiphocentronidae. Caddis Press, Anthens, Alabama (Columbus, Ohio). BBalik,JA; Jameson,EE; Wissinger,SA; Whiteman,HH and Taylor,BW 2022 Animal-driven nutrient supply declines relative to ecosystem nutrient demand along a pond hydroperiod gradient. Ecosystems, 25(3), pp.678-696. PDF Abstract: "In many lentic ecosystems, hydroperiod, or the duration of inundation, controls animal community composition and biomass. Although hydroperiod-imposed differences in wetland animal communities could cause differences in animal-driven nutrient supply, hydroperiod has not been considered as a template for investigating patterns of animal-driven nutrient cycling. Here, we use nutrient excretion rates (NH4-N and SRP) and biomasses of pelagic and benthic invertebrates and salamanders and nutrient uptake rates in a simulation model to estimate animal-driven nutrient supply and pond-level demand along a hydroperiod gradient of 12 subalpine ponds in the U.S. Rocky Mountains that are vulnerable to climate change. We found that animal biomass increased with hydroperiod duration and biomass predicted animal-driven supply contributions among hydroperiod classifications (temporary-permanent). Consequently, community-wide supply was greatest in permanent ponds. Animal-driven N supply exceeded demand in permanent and semi-permanent ponds, whereas P supply equaled demand in both. Conversely, temporary ponds had large deficits in N and P supply due to lower community biomass and hydroperiod-induced constraints on dominant suppliers (oligochaetes and chironomids). The distribution of taxon-specific supply also differed among hydroperiods, with supply dominated by a few taxa in permanent ponds and supply more evenly distributed among temporary pond taxa. The absence or lower biomass of dominant suppliers in temporary ponds creates nutrient deficits and possible limitation of productivity. Thus, as climate warming causes hydroperiods to become increasingly temporary and indirectly prompts biomass declines and compositional shifts, animal-driven nutrient supply will decrease and strong nutrient limitation may arise due to loss of animal-driven supply." Balik,JA; Leitz,C; Washko,SE; Cleveland,B; Krejsa,DM; Perchik,ME; Stogsdill,A; Vlah,M; Demi,LM; Greig,HS and Shepard,ID 2022 Species-specific traits predict whole-assemblage detritus processing by pond invertebrates. Oecologia, 199(4), pp.951-963. Balik,JA; Taylor,BW; Washko,SE and Wissinger,SA 2018 High interspecific variation in nutrient excretion within a guild of closely related caddisfly species. Ecosphere, 9(5) p.e02205. PDF Abstract: "Understanding the amount of variation in functional traits between closely related species within guilds is critical for understanding links between community composition and ecosystem processes. Nutrient excretion is an important link between animals and their environments, and aquatic invertebrate communities can supply a considerable proportion of ecosystem nutrient demand via excretion. We quantified nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion rates of 10 species of larval caddisflies that inhabit high-elevation ponds and wetlands to determine the magnitude of variation in nutrient excretion within this guild. We found considerable interspecific variation in biomass-specific excretion of nitrogen (eightfold differences), phosphorus (sevenfold differences), and the stoichiometric N:P ratios (fivefold differences). Through a meta-analysis, we compared the variation within this guild to the variation found in other family-level species assemblages to determine the overall range in the variation of nutrient excretion that could be expected across guilds and to determine whether the variation in this caddisfly guild is comparatively extreme, average, or low. The meta-analysis revealed a large range in variation among guilds, and comparatively, the variation within this caddisfly guild is high for N excretion and intermediate for P excretion. The considerable variation within guilds revealed by our metaanalysis suggests that functional redundancy among guild members is difficult to predict. Thus, some natural or human-caused species gains or losses within biological groupings such as guilds and trophic levels could have little or no effect on ecosystem processes, whereas others could have very large effects." Species discussed are Asynarchus nigriculus, Grammotaulius lorrettae, Limnephilus externus, Limnephilus picturatus, Limnephilus secludens, Limnephilus sublunatus, Limnephilus tarsalis, Hesperophylax occidentalis, Agrypnia deflata and starting in 2017 - Nemotaulius hostilis. Balistrieri,LS; Mebane,CA and Schmidt,TS 2020 Time-dependent accumulation of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn in mayfly and caddisfly larvae in experimental streams: Metal sensitivity, uptake pathways, and mixture toxicity. Science of the Total Environment, 732. html Banks,N 1899 Descriptions of new North American neuropteroid insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 25:199-218. PDF Banks,N. 1900. New genera and species of Nearctic neuropteroid insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 26:239-260. PDF Banks,N 1901 Some insects of the Hudsonian zone in New Mexico. VI. Neuropteroid insects. Psyche(9) 286-287. Banks,N 1904 Neuropteroid insects from New Mexico. Transactions of American Entomological Society 32, 97-110. PDF Banks,N 1905 Descriptions of new neuropteroid insects. Transactions of American Entomological Society 32, 1-20. Banks,N 1907 Descriptions of new Trichoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 8:117-133, plates 8-9. Banks,N 1908a Neuropteroid insects - notes and descriptions. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 34:255-267. PDF Banks,N 1908b Some Trichoptera, and allied insects, from Newfoundland. Psyche 15: 61-67. Describes Limnephilus moestus among discussions of other animals. Banks,N 1911 Descriptions of new species of North American Neuropterid Insects. Transactions of American Entomological Society 37, 335-360. Banks,N 1914 American Trichoptera- notes and descriptions. Canadian Entomologist 46:149-156, 201-204, 252-258, 261-268. Banks,N 1916 A classification of our limnephilid caddice flies. Canadian Entomologist 48: 117-122. Banks,N 1918 New neuropteroid insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 62:3-24. Banks,N 1924 Descriptions of new neuropteroid insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 65:421-455. Banks,N 1943 Notes and descriptions of Nearctic Trichoptera. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 92: 341-369, plates 1-6. Baranov,V; Hammel,J; Gröhn,C and Haug,JT 2023 Unique fossils of caddisfly larvae from Baltic amber and in situ amber formation in aquatic ecosystems. PDF Abstract: "Amber is formed by tree resins in terrestrial habitats. Therefore, a preservation of animals living in water in amber may appear surprising. Still more and more finds of such animals were reported in recent years. The central question around these finds is, whether the animals became entrapped in the resin in their original habitat (in situ), or whether the aquatic animals have left their original habitat to become entrapped in the resin (ex situ). We report additional finds of caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera; Leptoceridae, Lepidostomatidae) in Baltic amber. Two of these still bear their cases, which should not be present for caddisfly larvae, which escaped the waterbodies and became entrapped ex situ. One of the two is preserved with additional caddisfly larvae as well as a larva of a seemingly aquatic non-biting midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) attached to its caddis case. These finds further support a possible in situ preservation of aquatic animals in amber." Barmentlo,SH; Schrama,M; De Snoo,GR; Van Bodegom,PM; van Nieuwenhuijzen,A and Vijver,MG 2021 Experimental evidence for neonicotinoid driven decline in aquatic emerging insects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(44), p.e2105692118. PDF Abstract: "There is an ongoing unprecedented loss in insects, both in terms of richness and biomass. The usage of pesticides, especially neonicotinoid insecticides, has been widely suggested to be a contributor to this decline. However, the risks of neonicotinoids to natural insect populations have remained largely unknown due to a lack of field-realistic experiments. Here, we used an outdoor experiment to determine effects of field-realistic concentrations of the commonly applied neonicotinoid thiacloprid on the emergence of naturally assembled aquatic insect populations. Following application, all major orders of emerging aquatic insects (Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and Trichoptera) declined strongly in both abundance and biomass. At the highest concentration (10 µg/L), emergence of most orders was nearly absent. Diversity of the most species-rich family, Chironomidae, decreased by 50% at more commonly observed concentrations (1 µg/L) and was generally reduced to a single species at the highest concentration. Our experimental findings thereby showcase a causal link of neonicotinoids and the ongoing insect decline. Given the urgency of the insect decline, our results highlight the need to reconsider the mass usage of neonicotinoids to preserve freshwater insects as well as the life and services depending on them." Batista,D; Pascoal,C and Cássio,F 2020 The increase in temperature overwhelms silver nanoparticle effects on the aquatic invertebrate Limnephilus sp. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 39(7), pp.1429-1437. PDF Bergey,EA and Ward,JV 1989 Upstream-downstream movements of aquatic invertebrates in a Rocky Mountain stream, Hydrobiologia, Volume 185( 1) 71-82. Abstract Bernhardt,SA 1965 Observations on case building by Nemotaulius hostilis (Hagan) larvae (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society. 59/60:63-76. Berte,SB and Pritchard,G 1982 The phenomenon of egg mass liquefaction in Nemotaulius hostilis (Hagen) (Trichoptera: Limnophilidae). Freshwater Invertebrate Biology 1:49-51. Berte,SB and Pritchard,G 1983 The structure and hydration dynamics of Trichopteran (Insecta) egg masses. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61, 378-384. Berte,SB; Pritchard,G 1986 The life histories of Limnephilus externus (Hagen), Anabolia bimaculata (walker), and Nemotaulius hostilis (Hagen) (Trichoptera:Limnephilidae) in a pond in southern Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, 2348-2356. Betten,C 1934 The caddis flies or Trichoptera of New York state. New York State Museum Bulletin, no. 292. Bjostad,LB; Jewett,DK and Brigham,DL 1996 Sex pheromone of caddisfly Hesperophylax occidentalis (Banks) (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 22:103-121. Blahnik,RJ; Holzenthal,RW; Prather,AL; Bueno-Soria,J; Barba-Álvarez,R and Armitage,BJ 2007 The lactic acid method for clearing Trichoptera genitalia. In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Trichoptera. The Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio (pp. 9-14). PDF Abstract: "Lactic acid as a macerating agent for preparing Trichoptera genitalia has several advantages over traditional methods, including the greater likelihood of causing the endotheca of the phallus to evert and also the more complete extension of pleated or glandular structures. The value of doing this is that these characters are useful in making taxonomic and phylogenetic assessments." Blickle,RL 1979 Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of America North of Mexico. Bulletin of the University of New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station 509:1-97. PDF Blinn,DW and Ruiter,DE 2006 Tolerance values of stream caddisflies (Trichoptera) in the lower Colorado river basin, USA. The Southwestern Naturalist 51(3):326-337. Abstract Blinn, DW and Ruiter,DE 2013 Tolerance values and effects of selected environmental determinants on caddisfly (Trichoptera) distribution in northwest and north central Washington, USA. Western North American Naturalist, 73(3), pp.270-294. PDF Borror,DJ; De Long,DM; Triplehorn,CA An Introduction to the Study of Insects. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, PA. This was (and still is) very useful for all insect studies, however, a new edition was published in 2004, see Johnson and Triplehorn. Bossart,JL and Carlton,CE 2002 Insect conservation in America. American Entomologist, 48(2), p.83. PDF Brown,LE; Hannah,DM and Milner,AM 2007 Vulnerability of alpine stream biodiversity to shrinking glaciers and snowpacks. Global Change Biology, 13(5), pp.958-966. Abstract: "Climate change poses a considerable threat to the biodiversity of high latitude and altitude ecosystems, with alpine regions across the world already showing responses to warming. However, despite probable hydrological change as alpine glaciers and snowpacks shrink, links between alpine stream biota and reduced meltwater input are virtually unknown. Using data from the French Pyrénées, we demonstrate that taxonomic richness and total abundance of stream macroinvertebrates increase significantly as meltwater (snow melt and glacier melt) contributions to river flow decrease. Macroinvertebrate species showed a gradation of optimum meltwater conditions at which they persist. For example: Habroleptoides berthelemyi (Ephemeroptera), Perla grandis (Plecoptera) and Rhithrogena spp. (Ephemeroptera) increased in abundance when meltwater contributions to streamflow decrease, whereas in contrast, Rhyacophila angelieri (Trichoptera) and Diamesa latitarsis spp. (Diptera) decreased in abundance. Changes in alpine stream macroinvertebrate community composition as meltwater contributions decline were associated with lower suspended sediment concentration, and higher water temperature, electrical conductivity and pH. Our results suggest α diversity (at a site) of streams presently fed by meltwaters will increase with future meltwater reductions. However, β diversity (between-sites) will be reduced as snow melt and glacier melt decrease because the habitat heterogeneity associated with spatiotemporal variability of water source contributions will become lower as meltwater contributions decline. Extinction of some endemic alpine aquatic species (such as the Pyrenean caddis fly R. angelieri) is predicted with reduced meltwater inputs, leading to decreases in γ diversity (region). Our identification of significant links between meltwater production and stream macroinvertebrate biodiversity has wider implications for the conservation of alpine river ecosystems under scenarios of climate change induced glacier and snowpack loss." Buchwalter,DB; Cain,DJ; Martin,CA; Xie,L; Luoma,SN and Garland,JT 2008 Aquatic insect ecophysiological traits reveal phylogenetically based differences in dissolved cadmium susceptibility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 24, 8321-8326. Buchwalter,DB and Luoma,SN 2005 Differences in dissolved cadmium and zinc uptake among stream insects: mechanistic explanations. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 498-504. CCain,DJ; Luoma,SN and Wallace,WG 2004 Linking metal bioaccumulation of aquatic insects to their distribution patterns in a mining-impacted river. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 1463-1473. Canton,SP and Chadwick,JW 1983 Seasonal and longitudinal changes in invertebrate functional groups in the Dolores River, Colorado. Freshwater Invertebrate Biology 2(1) 41-47. PDF Abstract: "A 46km section of the Dolores River, in southwest Colorado, was studied to determine the relative abundance of invertebrate functional groups over an altitudinal gradient of 500m during three seasons. The Dolores River is a third order steam with an average width of 11m in upper 8 km of the study area. In the lower 38 km of the study area, it is a fourth order stream with an average width of 15 m. Benthic invertebrates were collected with a modified Hess sampler in October 1980, and March and August 1981, from 11 stations on the Dolores River. Despite little change in either stream order, width or apparent food resources in the study area, there were noticeable differences in the relative abundance of functional groups, with shredders most abundant upstream and collectors most abundant in the mid-reaches. The observed trends were highly dependent upon season with shredders abundant at most stations only in spring. This was a result of life history patterns of winter stoneflies, the primary shredders. Collector-gatherers were most abundant at the upper-middle stations in summer, but were less abundant in the other two seasons. In general, the pattern appeared to conform more to the altitudinal shifts in benthic species composition than to stream order or width. This led to shifts in the assigned functional groups without noticeable changes in food resources." Canton,SP and Ward,JV 1981 The aquatic insects, with emphasis on Trichoptera, of a Colorado stream affected by coal strip-mine drainage. Southwestern Naturalist 25 (4) 453-460.PDF They studied Trout Creek where it runs through the Edna Coal Mine in northwestern Colorado. The mine spoils were 30 meters from the edge of the creek (approximately a 100 foot buffer zone). They found the aquatic insect density (numbers per square meter) and biomass (weight in grams per square meter) did not change above and below the mine. The Shannon-Weaver Diversity index also showed no difference between sites. However the community structure (which species were present and proportions) did change. Since there were irrigation water and cattle influences at their downstream site, their results may reflect these additional water uses. They note the biggest visible change at this mine is the loss of willow and alder trees downstream of the mine. The caddisfly population changed the most between sites, shifting from a mix of families above the mine to dominance by Hydropsychidae and Glossosomatidae below the mine. Canton,SP, and Ward,JV 1981 Emergence of Trichoptera from Trout Creek, Colorado, USA. Pages 39-45 in Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Trichoptera (G. P. Moretti, ed.) Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. Cardinale,BJ; Gelmann,ER and Palmer,MA 2004 Net spinning Caddisflies as stream ecosystem engineers: the influence of Hydropsyche on benthic substrate stability. Functional Ecology 18: 381-387. HTML Chapin,JW 1978 Systematics of nearctic Micrasema (Tricoptera: Brachycentridae). Ph.D Dissertation, Clemson University. Chen,YE 1992 The larva and pupae of Apatania praevolans Morse (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae), with a key to described larvae of North American species of Apatania. Aquatic Insects 14 (1) 49-55. Has a key that separates the Apatania species of North America. Also lists the authors, descriptions and diagnoses for the larvae of Apatania of the world that were described as of the time of this study. Chen,YE 1993 Revision of the Oecetis (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) of the world. Doctoral dissertation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC. 694 pp. PDF Chen,ZT 2024 A Cretaceous Caddisfly Larva Encased in Amber and Its Evolutionary Implications (Insecta: Trichoptera). In Annales Zoologici 74 (2) 283-294. Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Abstract: "Fossil record of caddisflies with both larvae and their cases is exceedingly rare. This study focuses on a 99-million-year-old Burmese amber specimen containing a caddisfly larva and its case, alongside other organisms. The specimen was examined using microscopy, photography, widefield fluorescence imaging, and micro-CT scanning to analyze its structure and identify associated organisms. The amber contains a diverse assemblage, including a caddisfly larva, a mayfly nymph, water mites, a terrestrial bug nymph, and a beetle larva. Detailed morphological descriptions reveal adaptations of the caddisfly larva for aquatic life and case construction, shedding light on its taxonomic classification and behavioral adaptations. The proximity of the caddisfly larva to a layer of debris suggests it inhabited a shallow, slow-flowing stream environment. Morphological features indicate its classification within the suborder Integripalpia, with characteristics bridging primitive forms and more derived lineages. Behavioral traits such as case abandonment highlight adaptive strategies for survival and dispersal in response to environmental stressors. This study contributes to understanding ancient aquatic ecosystems and the evolutionary history of caddisflies. It reveals insights into symbiotic relationships, behavioral adaptations, and ecological dynamics, emphasizing the significance of fossilized remains in elucidating past life forms and aquatic environments." Clayton,JA and Westbrook,CJ 2008 The effect of the Grand Ditch on the abundance of benthic invertebrates in the Colorado River, Rocky Mountain National Park. River Research and Applications, 24(7), pp.975-987. PDF Abstract: "We investigate herein the hypothesis that there is a significant relationship between bed particle mobility and benthic invertebrate abundance in the gravel-bed channel of the upper Colorado River in Rocky Mountain National Park. A large diversion channel called the Grand Ditch normally diverts a significant portion (~50%) of the annual snowmelt runoff from the watershed northward out of the basin. In May 2003, a ~30-m section of the ditch was breached, contributing substantially to the magnitude and duration of discharge in the Colorado River until the ditch breach was repaired in July of that year. As a result, all grain sizes in the river channel were mobilized, which contrasted sharply with the minimal gravel transport experienced during the exceptional drought of the previous year. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected in the field using a Surber sampler at the same six locations for both years, and the number of individuals of the orders ephemeroptera (mayflies), plecoptera (stoneflies), trichoptera (caddisflies) and diptera (e.g. chironomids) was counted in the laboratory. The total number of individuals was 240% higher in 2003, and the proportion of mayflies in the samples increased from 25% in 2002 to 40% in 2003. In 2003, samples were also taken immediately upstream and downstream of a large flow obstruction in the channel in order to further isolate the relative importance of sediment transport against other variables affecting the stream habitat. Numbers of individuals for all taxa collected (particularly ephemeroptera and plecoptera) were nearly an order of magnitude higher at the upstream site than at the downstream, protected location. These results have important implications for the ecosystem management of streams within Rocky Mountain National Park and elsewhere." Clements,WH; Carlisle,DN; Lazorchak,JM and Johnson,PC 2000 Heavy metals structure benthic communities in Colorado mountain streams. Ecological Applications 10(2)626-638. Abstract The authors discuss the EPA's Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (REMAP) data on aquatic insects among a number of mine-polluted and clean streams and rivers in Colorado. Quote from page 633: "Rhyacophila sp.(Fig.5j) was the only caddisfly that showed a significant response to metal level and was lower at medium-metal sites. Differences among metal catagories in abundance of the three other dominant caddisflies, (Brachycentrus americanus, Hydropsyche sp., and Lepidostoma sp.) and the blackfly Simulium sp. were not significant (Fig. 5g, h, i, k)." Clements,WH; Herbst,DB; Hornberger,MI; Mebane,CA and Short,TM 2021 Long-term monitoring reveals convergent patterns of recovery from mining contamination across 4 western US watersheds. Freshwater Science, 40(2), pp.407-426. PDF Abstract: "Long-term studies of stream ecosystems are essential for assessing restoration success because they allow researchers to quantify recovery trajectories, gauge the relative influence of episodic events, and determine the time required to achieve clean-up objectives. To quantify responses of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages to stream remediation, we integrated results of 4 long-term (20—29 y) assessments of mining-impacted watersheds that were broadly distributed across the western US (California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana). Using a before—after control—impact (BACI) study design, we observed substantial reductions in metal concentrations and corresponding improvements of benthic assemblages following remediation. Recovery rates were relatively consistent, and streams typically recovered within 10 to 15 y after remediation was initiated (mean = 10.25 y), although episodic events changed trajectories at some sites. Differences in recovery among watersheds were likely determined by a number of factors, including the severity of contamination, effectiveness of remediation, proximity to upstream sources of colonization, and hydrologic variation. We also observed considerable variation in the rate and extent of recovery among assemblage metrics. For example, total abundance and richness recovered rapidly at most sites, but the composition of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages remained substantially altered compared with reference sites. Using piecewise linear regression, we estimated a threshold response of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) species richness at ~1 cumulative criteria unit (CCU), which is the sum of the fractions of chronic water-quality criteria for metals measured, suggesting this value was protective of benthic assemblages. However, EPT richness was reduced by ~20% at 2× this CCU value, indicating that moderate exceedances of water-quality criteria could substantially affect stream biodiversity. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analyses identified common sets of species trait states across the 4 watersheds that were associated with either metal contamination or with recovering and intact reference stream assemblages. Our study illustrates the importance of long-term studies for quantifying responses to stream restoration and the usefulness of BACI designs for demonstrating cause-and-effect relationships between restoration treatments and community recovery. Because these 4 watersheds were among the most severely polluted sites in the western US, our study demonstrates the value of these investments in watershed restoration and the potential for success under the most extreme conditions." Clubb,RW; Gaufin,AR and Lords,JL 1975 Acute cadmium toxicity studies upon nine species of aquatic insects. Environmental Research 9, 332-341. Cobb, DG, Flannagan,JF 1990 Trichoptera and substrate stability in the Ochre River, Manitoba. Hydrobiologia, 206 (1)29 - 38. DOI 10.1007/BF00018967 PDF Abstract: "A total of 3999 Trichoptera adults, represented by 8 families, 17 genera and 33 species was collected in emergence traps in 1983 and 1984 from five stations on the Ochre River, Manitoba (50° 04′ N, 99° 48′ W). Species composition for the two years was comparable, but as the result of a summer spate in 1984, abundance was only 40% of that in 1983. Species diversity by station was negatively correlated with substrate instability of the reach, whereas density per trap was negatively correlated with substrate instability and local factors such as sedimentation in some reaches following peak discharges. Analysis of historical peak discharge records indicated that relatively infrequent mid-summer spates had a detrimental effect on subsequent emergence of the Trichoptera fauna. The combination of spates and unstable stream bed substrate resulting from land use practices in the drainage basin have resulted in an impoverished caddisfly fauna in the Ochre River in comparison with other rivers in Manitoba." Coffman,WP, Cummns,KW, and Wuycheck,JC 1971 Energy flow in a woodland stream ecosystem: I. Tissue support trophic structure of autumnal community. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 68(2) 232-276. Corbet,PS 1966 Parthenogenesis in caddisflies (Trichoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology 44, 981-982. Quote from page 981: "Throughout its range, Apatania zonella (Zetterstedt) (Apataniidae) is represented wholly or predominantly by females (Lack 1933, Lack 1934, Mosely 1928) which average more than 99% in collections, although copulation in nature has been witnessed (Lack, 1933). At Lake Hazen, Ellesmere Island, Canada (71;° 18´ W., 81° 49´ N.), where females comprise about 96% of active adults, a nulliparous individual in captivity laid 98 eggs, of which 91 hatched. Her receptaculum seminis was empty. The likelihood that this female had exhausted an endowment of sperm on one egg-batch, which nevertheless showed high viability, is extremely small." Courtney-Mustaphi,CJ; Steiner,E; von Fumetti,S and Heiri,O 2024 Aquatic invertebrate mandibles and sclerotized remains in Quaternary lake sediments. Journal of Paleolimnology, 71(1), pp.45-83. PDF Abstract: "Subfossil remains of aquatic invertebrates found in lacustrine sediments are useful paleoenvironmental indicators. Strongly scleroticized chitinous body parts from the exoskeleton or exuviae from invertebrates are often the most resistant to degradation during syn- and post-depositional processes. Invertebrate mandibles and body parts that superficially resemble mandibles, such as claw-like appendages and pygopodia, are frequently found in sieved Quaternary lacustrine, palustrine, and deltaic sediments. Guides, catalogs and atlases have been published that are well suited for the identification of subfossil remains for several invertebrate groups, such as chironomids, cladocerans, and ostracods, among others. However, aquatic invertebrate remains of several ecologically important invertebrate groups continue to be underused in paleoenvironmental studies, in part, because there are few visual keys or other documentation sources (e.g. descriptions, catalogs or atlases) that increase awareness and facilitate identification. Here we present sets of digital photomicrographs of pre-identified aquatic invertebrate specimens collected from streams, lakes and ponds that have been chemically cleared to preserve structures that are observed in subfossil remains in sieved sediment samples, commonly the > 100 μm size fractions. In addition, we present examples of these structures from Quaternary lake-sediment samples and cite the dispersed literature that demonstrate that these remains are preserved and remain identifiable in the fossil record. We document mandibles from several taxonomic groups that include Crustacea: Amphipoda, Isopoda, Ostracoda, and Notostraca; and Insecta orders: Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Lepidoptera, Megaloptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera. The compilation of microphotographs also includes pygopodia and claw appendages of Plecoptera and Trichoptera, with additional images of other common invertebrate mouthpart and head remains. We describe several types of fossilizing structures that are, to our knowledge, not previously described in the paleoecological literature (e.g. mandibles of amphipods or plecopterans) but also show that some structures are considerably more variable than expected based on available descriptions, such as the mandibles of Ephemeroptera or Trichoptera, and that these can potentially be separated into different morphotypes useful for identification of subfossil material. We also discuss the potential of analyzing and interpreting the additional remains together with the remains of more commonly analyzed invertebrate groups (e.g. Chironomidae) to contribute to paleoenvironmental interpretations, which will allow assessments of functional groups (e.g. predators, shredders, grazers) or habitat types (e.g. littoral, profundal or lotic environments) that aquatic invertebrate remains originate from." Coutant,CC 1982 Evidence for upstream dispersal of adult caddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in the Colombia River. Aquatic Insects 4:61-66 Abstract: "The radioisotope 65Zn, introduced to the Columbia River in discharges of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's Hanford reactors, was used to test the hypothesis that adult caddis flies migrate upstream after emerging from the aquatic environment. The larval stages living downstream of the effluents are known to accumulate appreciable levels of 65Zn. The radioisotope was found in levels above background in shoreline swarms of adult caddis flies as far as 16 km above the uppermost reactor effluent. Whether movement was only upstream and the precise distances flown remain unclear. The upstream movement is important for understanding the biology of riverine aquatic insects and for evaluating the upstream dispersal of radioactive contaminants." Crespo,JG 2011 A review of chemosensation and related behavior in aquatic insects. Journal of Insect Science, 11. PDF Crichton,MI 1957 The structure and function of the mouth parts of adult caddis flies (Trichoptera). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 241(677), pp.45-91. PDF Abstract: "The paper gives a detailed account of the structure and function of the mouth parts of Phryganea striata L., followed by a comparative study of these structures throughout the order Trichoptera. Observations on the feeding of caddis flies are reviewed. Consideration is given to homologies and phylogeny. In Phryganea the head is produced ventrally into a proboscis to which all parts of the mouth complex contribute. A detailed account is given of external and internal structure, musculature, and nervous system of the head and mouth parts. The central area of the anterior surface of the head capsule is interpreted as a frontoclypeus because of the origin of muscles to the foregut. The elongate labrum covers a sclerotized groove or sitophore. Mandibles are reduced to small lobes. The cardines and stipites of the maxillae contribute to the base of the proboscis. The single maxillary lobe is interpreted as a lacinia on grounds of musculature. The distinctive protrusible haustellum is regarded as derived from the hypopharynx. It is traversed by a common salivary duct, provided with a muscular valve. The anterior surface of the haustellum is covered with a system of channels which converge to the sitophore. These channels are formed by cuticular outgrowths arranged in lines and drawn out into filaments which roof the channels thus formed. These outgrowths, which are named pectinate hairs, differ in form according to their position on the haustellum. The labium forms part of the base of the proboscis. There is no ligula. Extension of the proboscis is brought about both by muscle action on sclerites and increased blood pressure affecting the flexible areas of cuticle. Relaxation results from reduction in blood pressure, and contraction of retractor muscles. The haustellum functions as an organ for taking up liquids. A direct drinking and a lapping attitude are described. The comparative study includes observations on fifty-three species, which are representative of each of the thirteen families found in Britain. All species examined have a protrusible haustellum, and are capable of drinking. The most highly developed condition is seen in the Phryganeidae and Limnephilidae. A channelled haustellum is also found in the Sericostomatidae, Beraeidae, Molannidae, Odontoceridae, Leptoceridae and Polycentropidae. A simple granulose haustellar surface, devoid of channels, is present in the Hydropsychidae, Psychomyidae, Philopotamidae, Rhyacophilidae and Hydroptilidae. The mandibles are of doubtful function. They are largest in the Hydropsychidae and Rhyacophilidae, and most reduced in Limnephilidae. Small lobes, which are thought to represent the ligula of the labium, are seen in the Philopotamidae, Hydropsychidae, Psychomyidae and Polycentropidae. These differing conditions of the mouth parts are shown to accord with views on the phylogeny of the Trichoptera, which are derived from other data. An account is given of published descriptions of modified mouth parts in some exotic species. The nature of these modifications is discussed. Published observations on the feeding of caddis flies are reviewed. It is concluded that using the haustellum to drink nectar and water is a normal activity of caddis flies." Cuffney,TF and Minshall,GW 1981 Life history and bionomics of Arctopsyche grandis (Trichoptera) in a central Idaho stream. Holarctic Ecology 4(4) 252-262. Abstract and first page Cummins,KW 1973 Trophic relations of aquatic insects. Annual review of entomology, 18(1), 183-206. Cummins,KW; Wilzbach,MA; Gates,DM; Perry,JB and Taliaferro,WB 1989a Leaf litter that falls into streams influences communities of stream invertebrates. BioScience 39 1, 24-30. Cummins,KW; Wilzbach,MA; Gates,DM; Perry,JB and Taliaferro,WB 1989 Shredders and riparian vegetation. BioScience, 39(1), pp.24-30. PDF Curtis,J 1835 British Entomology being Illustrations and Descriptions of the Genera of Insects found in Great Britain and Ireland Containing Coloured Figure from Nature of the Most Rare and Beautiful Species, and in Many Instances of the Plants Upon Which They are Found. Richard Taylor, London. vol. XII, 530-577. Cushing,CE and Smith,SD 1982 Effects of Mt. St. Helens ashfall on lotic algae and caddisflies. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 1(5), pp.527-538. Abstract: "Studies were undertaken in the Cispus and Klickitat River systems to investigate the impact of varying amounts of ashfall from the Mt. St. Helens volcanic eruption to lotic algae and caddisflies (Trichoptera). The Cispus drainage received about 50 mm of ash, and the Klickitat about 20 mm in its headwaters. The hydrographs of both rivers were normal following the eruption, although some chemical variables increased immediately following the eruption (e.g. turbidity, dissolved organic N). The postulated long-term increase of leached nutrients did not occur, and no algal stimulation was observed. Differences in algal populations between the two systems were attributed to inherent differences unrelated to ashfall. Caddisfly numbers decreased in the Cispus drainage from a combination of high spring flows and suspended tephra (ash + pumice); however, it was not possible to separate the effects of normal perturbations from the runoff and the added impact of the tephra." Cutler,DR; Edwards Jr,TC; Beard,KH; Cutler,A; Hess,KT; Gibson,J and Lawler,JJ 2007 Random forests for classification in ecology. Ecology, 88(11), pp.2783-2792. PDF Abstract: "Classification procedures are some of the most widely used statistical methods in ecology. Random forests (RF) is a new and powerful statistical classifier that is well established in other disciplines but is relatively unknown in ecology. Advantages of RF compared to other statistical classifiers include (1) very high classification accuracy; (2) a novel method of determining variable importance; (3) ability to model complex interactions among predictor variables; (4) flexibility to perform several types of statistical data analysis, including regression, classification, survival analysis, and unsupervised learning; and (5) an algorithm for imputing missing values. We compared the accuracies of RF and four other commonly used statistical classifiers using data on invasive plant species presence in Lava Beds National Monument, California, USA, rare lichen species presence in the Pacific Northwest, USA, and nest sites for cavity nesting birds in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, USA. We observed high classification accuracy in all applications as measured by cross-validation and, in the case of the lichen data, by independent test data, when comparing RF to other common classification methods. We also observed that the variables that RF identified as most important for classifying invasive plant species coincided with expectations based on the literature." DDeJong,GD 2002 Variation in abdominal sa2 and sa3 setation in larvae of Arctopsyche grandis (Banks) (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 104:242-243. De Moor,FC and Ivanov,VD 2008 Global diversity of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Insecta) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595(1), pp.393-407. PDF Abstract: "The not yet uploaded Trichoptera World Checklist (TWC) [https://trichopt.app.clemson.edu/welcome.php], as at July 2006, recorded 12,627 species, 610 genera and 46 families of extant and in addition 488 species, 78 genera and 7 families of fossil Trichoptera. An analysis of the 2001 TWC list of present-day Trichoptera diversity at species, generic/subgeneric and family level along the selected Afrotropical, Neotropical, Australian, Oriental, Nearctic and Palaearctic (as a unit or assessed as Eastern and Western) regions reveals uneven distribution patterns. The Oriental and Neotropical are the two most species diverse with 47-77% of the species in widespread genera being recorded in these two regions. Five Trichoptera families comprise 55% of the world's species and 19 families contain fewer than 30 species per family. Ten out of 620 genera contain 29% of the world's known species. Considerable underestimates of Trichoptera diversity for certain regions are recognised. Historical processes in Trichoptera evolution dating back to the middle and late Triassic reveal that the major phylogenetic differentiation in Trichoptera had occurred during the Jurrasic and early Cretaceous. The breakup of Gondwana in the Cretaceous led to further isolation and diversification of Trichoptera. High species endemism is noted to be in tropical or mountainous regions correlated with humid or high rainfall conditions. Repetitive patterns of shared taxa between biogeographical regions suggest possible centres of origin, vicariant events or distribution routes. Related taxa associations between different regions suggest that an alternative biogeographical map reflecting Trichoptera distribution patterns different from the Wallace (The Geographical Distribution of Animals: With a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct Faunas as Elucidating the Past Changes of the Earth's Surface, Vol. 1, 503 pp., Vol. 2, 607 pp., Macmillan, London, 1876) proposed biogeography patterns should be considered. Anthropogenic development threatens biodiversity and the value of Trichoptera as important functional components of aquatic ecosystems, indicator species of deteriorating conditions and custodians of environmental protection are realised." Denis,C 1977 Larval and imaginal diapause in Limnephilidae. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Trichoptera, Junk, The Hague. 109-115. Denning,DG 1937 The biology of some Minnesota Trichoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-), 63(1), pp.17-43. Denning,DG 1941 The genus Grammotaulius in North America, with the description of a new species (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae). The Canadian Entomologist 73:232-235. Denning,DG 1948a A review of the Rhyacophilidae. Canadian Entomologist 80:97-117. Denning,DG 1948b New and little known species of Nearctic Trichoptera. Psyche 55:16-23. Denning,DG 1949 New and little known species of caddis flies. American Midland Naturalist 42:112-122. Denning,DG 1964 The genus Homophylax (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 57:253-260. Denning,DG 1965 New rhyacophilids and limnephilids (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae and Limnephilidae). Canadian Entomologist 97: 690-700. Denning,DG 1968 New species and notes of Western Trichoptera. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 41:63-69. Denning,DG 1970 The genus Psychoglypha (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Canadian Entomologist 102(1):15-30. Denning,DG 1983 New and interesting Trichoptera from the western United States. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 58, 206-215. Denning,DG and Blickle,RL 1972 A review of the genus Ochrotrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 65 1, 141-151. DeWalt,RE; Stewart,KW; Moulton,SR; Kennedy,JH 1994 Summer emergence of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies from a Colorado mountain stream. Southwestern Naturalist 39 ()3) 249-256. PDF Djernæs,M 2010 Morphology, function and evolution of the sternum V glands in Amphiesmenoptera. PhD thesis, University of Alberta. 368 pages. PDF Djernæs,M 2011 Structure and phylogenetic significance of the sternum V glands in Trichoptera. Zootaxa 2884: 1-60. PDF The sternum V gland usually produces sex pheremones in some female caddisflies and butterflies. Gland function in male insects is unclear and may be used for aggregation or defense. Abstract: "I investigated the sternum V gland in 38 families of Trichoptera, and found it to be present in 25 of these. I found that the gland is generally present in Annulipalpia, except Dipseudopsidae, and in Spicipalpia. It is widespread in Plenitentoria, while it is often absent in Brevitentoria, especially in males. The opening is slit-like and U or crescent-shaped. There is significant variation in the cuticular structures associated with the opening ranging from no apparent modification, over scaly patches to elaborate protuberances. Gland opening muscles are associated with the gland in all families except Psychomyiidae, and are divided into 2 distinct types: One originating on the front edge of sternum VI found in Philopotamidae, Rhyacophilidae, Glossosomatidae and Hydroptilidae; and 1 originating on the cuticle of sternum V found in all other trichopterans. The shape of the gland reservoir is variable, from round periform to reniform, elongate or compartmentalised. Muscle fibres are often associated with the reservoir, but are notably absent in Limnephilidae. I mapped characters based on gland structures on a phylogeny of Trichoptera, and discuss the results. The sternum V gland provides potentially important characters from the superorder to the species level. I discuss 2 cases where characters from the sternum V gland may solve existing phylogenetic and taxonomic puzzles: Delimitation of Dipseudopsidae versus Polycentropodidae and the relationships among the hydropsychid subfamilies. " Djernæs,M and Sperling,FAH 2012 Exploring a key synapomorphy: correlations between structure and function in the sternum V glands of Trichoptera and Lepidoptera (Insecta). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 106: 561-579. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01894.x Abstract: The sternum V glands are a key synapomorphy that unites Trichoptera with Lepidoptera, but their functional aspects have not been analysed from an evolutionary perspective. We examine phylogenetic trends and correlations between chemical and morphological features of these glands. The most likely ancestral gland compounds are heptan-2-ol, 4-hepten-2-one and -ol, nonan-2-one, and 6-nonen-2-one and -ol, making pheromone production a plausible ancestral function. The most widespread gland compounds (heptan-2-one and -ol and nonan-2-one and -ol) are not known from Apataniidae + Limnephilidae (Trichoptera), which in turn uniquely produce a number of methylated 3-ketones and their corresponding alcohols, probably functioning as pheromones. We propose a functional connection between perforated patches on sternum IV in females and a scaly/dome-covered area around the gland openings, as well as between perforated patches and lack of Trichoptera-type opening muscles. We also propose a functional connection between the shape of the gland reservoirs and the presence of gland reservoir musculature. The perforated patches were significantly correlated with several gland compounds that had double bonds between carbon atoms: the double bonds may lower the viscosity of the compounds, facilitating secretion through the tiny pores of the perforated patches. The production of defensive substances in Pycnopsyche (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) is probably connected to the presence of large, compartmentalized gland reservoirs. Large glands in male Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) are probably linked to male aggregation pheromone production. The relative sizes of sternum V gland reservoirs and fenestral gland reservoirs in female philopotamids (Trichoptera) suggest a complementary function of the two structures. Dodds,GS and Hisaw,FL 1924 Ecological studies of aquatic insects: size of respiratory organs in relation to environmental conditions. Ecology (5) 3: 262-271. Abstract Dodds,GS and Hisaw,FL 1925 Ecological studies on aquatic insects. III. Adaptations of caddisfly larvae to swift streams. Ecology 6(2)123-137. Abstract and first page Dodds,GS and Hisaw,FL 1925 Ecological studies on aquatic insects. IV. Altitudinal range and zonation of mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies in the Colorado Rockies. Ecology 6(4)380-390. Abstract PDF Dosdall,LM 1991 Survival of selected aquatic insects exposed to methoxychlor treatment of the Saskatchewan River system. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada. 26(1) 27-40. Driver,EA; Sugden,LG and Kovach,RJ 1974 Calorific, chemical and physical values of potential duck foods Freshwater Biology 4 (3), 281-292. EEaton,AE 1873 VI. On the Hydroptilidae, a family of the Trichoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 125-151. Elmork,K and Saether,OR 1970 Distribution of invertebrates in a high mountain brook in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. University of Colorado Studies Series in Biology No 31. Erman,NA 1986 Movements of self-marked caddisfly larvae, Chyrandra centralis (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) in a Sierran spring stream, California, U.S.A. Freshwater Biology 16:455-464. Erman,NA 1989 Species composition, emergence, and habitat preferences of Trichoptera of the Sagehen Creek Basin, California, USA. The Great Basin Naturalist, 186-197. PDF Etnier, DE;Parker,CR and Stocks,IC 2004 A new species of Rhyacophila Pictet (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, with illustrations of females of R. appalachia Morse and Ross and R. mycta Ross. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 106(2): 396- 406. Eum,J-h; Yoe,S-m; Seo,Y-r; Kang,S-w; and Han,S-s 2005 Characterization of a novel repetitive secretory protein specifically expressed in the modifid salivary gland of Hydropsyche sp. (Trichoptera; Hydropsyhidae). Ins. Biochem. Molec. Biol. 35: 435-441. FFischer,FCJ 1960-1973 Trichopterorum Catalogus, volumes I-XV and Index. Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, Amsterdam. Has all the reasons for names, name changes (nomenclature) and taxonomy up until the time of publication. JC Morse's (and other Trichoptera taxonomists) Trichoptera World Checklist http://entweb.sites.clemson.edu/database/trichopt/ incorporates this and has newer information online. Flint,OS, Jr. 1960 Taxonomy and biology of Nearctic limnephilid larvae (Trichoptera), with special reference to species in eastern United States. Entomologica American 40:1-117. Flint,OS, Jr. 1964 Notes on some Nearctic Psychomyiidae with special reference to their larvae (Trichoptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 115. Flint,OS, Jr. 1984 The genus Brachycentrus in North America, with a proposed phylogeny of the genera of Brachycentridae (Trichoptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 398:1-58. PDF Flint,OS, Jr. 1984. On the genus Brachycentrus (abstract). Pages 143 in Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Trichoptera (J. C. Morse, ed.) Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. Fox,PJ 1978 Caddis larvae (Trichoptera) as predators of fish eggs. Freshwater Biology, 8(4), 343-345. Abstract: " Eggs of bullhead (Cottus gobio) were found with damaged shells and with the contents removed. Experiments in laboratory aquaria indicated that the damage was caused by caddis larvae and that the type of caddis involved in egg predation might be identified by the nature of the shell damage. " We don't have bullheads in Gunnison County, but trout and caddisflies could possibly have similar interactions. Frandsen,PB; Holzenthal,RW; Ram&iacuate;rez,M and Thomson,RE 2025 Trichoptera systematics: past, present, and future—making the case for continued caddisfly taxonomic research. Insect Systematics and Diversity, 9(3), p.11. PDF Abstract: "We review the developments in caddisfly (Insecta: Trichoptera) systematics starting with Linnaeus through to the present time. We give a brief introduction to the natural history and biology of the order, survey the contributions of prominent caddisfly taxonomists, explore the history of Trichoptera phylogenetics, define synapomorphies for the major caddisfly clades, identify gaps in our knowledge, and make recommendations for the future research in caddisfly systematics. While the pattern of early evolutionary divergences within the order is becoming clearer with phylogenomic data, much work remains to be done to describe unknown caddisfly diversity and to fully resolve their tree of life. This will require the training of a new generation of Trichoptera systematists, particularly in tropical regions, equipped with broad knowledge in natural history, taxonomy, systematics, genomics, and phylogenetics." Friedrich,F; Schulz,J; Kubiak,M; Beckmann,F and Wilde,F 2015 The larval head anatomy of Rhyacophila (Rhyacophilidae) with discussion on mouthpart homology and the groundplan of Trichoptera. Journal of Morphology, 276(12), pp.1505-1524. Abstract: "The external and internal features of the larval head of Rhyacophila fasciata (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) were described in detail. Anatomical examinations were carried out using a multimethod approach including histology, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser-scanning microscopy, microcomputed tomography, and computer-based three-dimensional reconstructions. Additionally, the information on the larval head of Limnephilus flavicornis (Limnephilidae) and Hydropsyche angustipennis (Hydropsychidae) available in the literature were reinvestigated. These anatomical data were used to address major questions of homology and terminology, that is, the ventral closure of the head capsule, the sclerites, and appendages of labium and maxilla and their muscles. These topics were discussed by summarizing the main hypotheses present in the literature and a critical inclusion of new findings. Consequently, the inner lobe of the maxilla very likely represents the galea. The distal maxillary sclerite (palpifer) is an anatomical composite formation at least including dististipes and lacinia. Based on these homology hypotheses several potential groundplan features of the larval head of Trichoptera were reconstructed. The head of Rhyacophila shows several presumably plesiomorphic features as for instance the prognath orientation of the mouthparts, the well-developed hypocranial bridge, the triangular submentum and eyes composed of seven stemmata. Derived features of Rhyacophila are the reduced antennae, the anterior directing of three stemmata and the shift of the tentorio-stipital muscle to the mentum." Fuller,RJ and Mackay,R 1980 Feeding ecology of three species of Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58, 2239-2251. Fuller,RL; Fry,TJ; Roelefs,JA 1988 Influence of different food types on the growth of Simulium vittatum (Diptera) and Hydropsyche betteni (Trichoptera). Journal of the North American Benthological Society 7 3, 197-204. Fuller,RL; Mackay,RJ 1981 Effects of food quality on the growth of three Hydropsyche species (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 59 6, 1133-1140. GGall,BG and Brodie,ED, Jr. 2009 Behavioral avoidance of injured conspecific and predatory chemical stimuli by larvae of the aquatic caddisfly Hesperophylax occidentalis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 87: 1009-1015. Gallepp,GW 1974 Behavioral ecology of Brachycentrus occidentalis Banks during the pupation period. Ecology, Vol. 55(6) 1283-1294. Abstract and first page Gallepp,GW 1974 Diel periodicity in the behavior of the caddisfly, Brachycentrus americanus (Banks). Freshwater Biology 4, 193-204. Gallepp,G 1976 Temperature as a cue for the periodicity in feeding of Brachycentrus occidentalis (Insecta: Trichoptera). Animal Behaviour 24: 7-10. Gallepp,GW 1977 Responses of caddisfly larvae (Brachycentrus spp.) to temperature, food availability and current velocity. American Midland Naturalist 98(1)59-84. Abstract Gallepp,GW, Jr. 1975 The behavioural ecology of larval caddisflies, Brachycentrus americanus and Brachycentrus occidentalis. Dissertation Abstracts International 35: 4532. Ge,X and Morse,JC 2025 Functional traits of ancestral caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae and pupae. ZooKeys, 1263, p.47. HTML Abstract: "Recent phylogenomic studies have concluded that the ancestor of order Trichoptera and suborder Integripalpia probably had a larva that was "free living," without a portable case or fixed retreat. Phylogenies inferred from those investigations regarding hypotheses for other probable functional traits of larvae and pupae of the Trichoptera ancestor and its immediate descendants were considered, especially with reference to the extant amphiesmenopteran sister lineage Lepidoptera. To test our hypotheses an Ancestral Character State Reconstruction by Parsimony Analysis was performed to explore functional traits for five habitat and behavioral traits. Like the larva of Micropterigidae, the basal lineage of Lepidoptera, the ancestral caddisfly larva was not only “free living” but also was a shredding herbivore of bryophytes. Like that larva, it may have been often submerged, perhaps as a semi-aquatic sprawler in madicolous or hygropetric habitats, but it could also have been a clinger in lotic-erosional habitats. Also, the characteristics of the pupal cocoon are not clear; it may have been closed and permeable like that of Micropterigidae, or it was closed and semipermeable like that of Hydroptilidae, or it was open in a long-dome shelter like that of the Annulipalpia ancestor." Ge,X; Peng,L; Vogler,AP; Morse,JC; Yang,L; Sun,C and Wang,B 2022 Massive gene rearrangements of mitochondrial genomes and implications for the phylogeny of Trichoptera (Insecta). Systematic Entomology. PDF Abstract: "Mitochondrial genomes have been widely used for phylogenetic reconstruction and evolutionary analysis in various groups of Insecta. Gene rearrangements in the mitogenome can be informative characters for phylogenetic reconstruction and adaptive evolution. Trichoptera is one of the most important groups of aquatic insects. Prior to this study, complete mitogenomes from Trichoptera were restricted to eight families, resulting in a biased view of their mitogenome structure and evolution. Here, we assemble new mitogenomes for 66 species by high-throughput sequencing. The mitogenomes of 19 families and 47 genera are documented for the first time. Combined with 16 previously published mitogenomes of Trichoptera, we find 14 kinds of gene rearrangement patterns novel for Trichoptera, including rearrangement of protein-coding genes, tRNAs and control regions. Simultaneously, we provide evidence for the occurrence of tandem duplication and non-random loss events in the mitogenomes of three families. Phylogenetic analyses show that Hydroptilidae was recovered as a sister group to Annulipalpia. The increased nucleotide substitution rate and adaptive evolution may have affected the mitochondrial gene rearrangements in Trichoptera. Our study offers new insights into the mechanisms and patterns of mitogenome rearrangements in Insecta at large and into the usefulness of mitogenomic gene order as a phylogenetic marker within Trichoptera." Ge,X; Zang,H; Ye,X; Peng,L; Wang,B; Lian,G and Sun,C 2022 Comparative mitogenomic analyses of Hydropsychidae revealing the novel rearrangement of protein-coding gene and tRNA (Trichoptera: Annulipalpia). Insects, 13(9), p.759. PDF Abstract: "Gene rearrangement of the mitochondrial genome of insects, especially the rearrangement of protein-coding genes, has long been a hot topic for entomologists. Although mitochondrial gene rearrangement is common within Annulipalpia, protein-coding gene rearrangement is relatively rare. As the largest family in Annulipalpia, the available mitogenomes from Hydropsychidae Curtis, 1835 are scarce, and thus restrict our interpretation of the mitogenome characteristic. In this study, we obtained 19 novel mitogenomes of Hydropsychidae, of which the mitogenomes of the genus Arctopsyche are published for the first time. Coupled with published hydropsychid mitogenome, we analyzed the nucleotide composition evolutionary rates and gene rearrangements of the mitogenomes among subfamilies. As a result, we found two novel gene rearrangement patterns within Hydropsychidae, including rearrangement of protein-coding genes. Meanwhile, our results consider that the protein-coding gene arrangement of Potamyia can be interpreted by the tandem duplication/random loss (TDRL) model. In addition, the phylogenetic relationships within Hydropsychidae constructed by two strategies (Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood) strongly support the monophyly of Arctopscychinae, Diplectroninae, Hydropsychinae, and Macronematinae. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms and patterns of mitogenome rearrangements in Hydropsychidae." Genco,MS and Morse,JC 2017 Pupae of North American Glossosomatidae. Freshwater Science 36(4):816-822. PDF Abstract: "For the pupae of Trichoptera, the distribution of abdominal hook plates is considered a conserved feature, characteristic of families. However, we have found that the distribution of hook plates on abdominal terga of pupae of Glossosomatidae varies among North American genera. For this reason, use of these hook-plates as diagnostic characters in keys can cause confusion for genera of Glossosomatidae. Pupae of representative species of Anagapetus and Protoptila are described for the first time. The distribution of abdominal hook plates for all North American genera is summarized and diagnostic characters of pupal mandibles are discussed. A revision for the affected part of a well-known key for pupae of North American families is provided." Geraci,CJ; Zhou,X; Morse,JC and Kjer,KM 2010 Defining the genus Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) based on DNA and morphological evidence. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 29(3):918-933. Gerth,B; Giersch,J; Kerst,C; Lee,J; Metcalfe,A; Orfinger,A; Ruiter,T; Wevers,MJ and Wisseman,B 2023 David Ernest Ruiter (February 2, 1948 to February 4, 2021). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 99(1), pp.1-21. Gill,BA; Harrington,RA; Kondratieff,BC; Zamudio,KR; Poff,NL and Funk,WC 2014 Morphological taxonomy, DNA barcoding, and species diversity in southern Rocky Mountain headwater streams. Freshwater Science 33(1) 288-301 Givens,DR and Smith,SD 1980 A synopsis of western Arctopsychinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Melanderia 35:1-24. Goodrich,AL, Jr. 1937 The head capsule of a Trichopterous pupa, Dicosmoecus atripes Hagen (Limnophilidae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 56(2) 243-248. Goodrich,AL, Jr. 1941. The external anatomy of the pupal abdomen in Dicosmoecus atripes Hagen (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 14:134-143. Gotceitas, V 1985 Formation of aggregations by overwintering fifth instar Dicosmoecus atripes larvae (Trichoptera). Oikos 44(2) 313-318. Gray,LJ and Ward,JV 1979 Food habits of stream benthos at sites of differing food availability. American Midland Naturalist 102 1, 157-167. PDF Gray,LJ; Ward,JV; Martinson,R and Bergey,E 1983 Aquatic macroinverterbrates of the Piceance Basin, Colorado: Community response along spatial and temporal gradients of environmental conditions. The Southwestern Naturalist, pp.125-135. PDF Greig,HS and Wissinger,SA 2010 Reinforcing abiotic and biotic time constraints facilitate the broad distribution of a generalist with fixed traits. Ecology 91(3) 836-846. PDF Grubbs,SA and Cummins,KW 1996 Linkages between riparian forest composition and shredder voltinism. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 137 1, 39-58. HHagen,HA 1861 Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America with a list of South American species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 4, 1-344. Hagen,HA 1866 Description of a genus of caddis-flies, of which the larvae construct cases known as Helicopsyche. The Entomoloogist's Monthly Magazine 2:252-255. Hagen,HA 1873 Beiträge zur kenntniss der Phryganiden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 23:377-452. Hagen HA 1874 Report on the Pseudo-Neuroptera and Neuroptera collected by Lieut. W. L. Carpenter in 1873 in Colorado. Pages 571-606 in Hayden FV, Annual Report of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Embracing Colorado, Being a Report of Progress of the Exploration for the Year 1873 7:571-606. Hamilton,SW and Holzenthal,RW 1984 The caddisfly genus Helicopsyche in America, north of Mexico (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) (abstract). Pages 167 in Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Trichoptera (J. C. Morse, ed.) Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. Hanna,HM 1960 Methods of case-building and repair by larvae of caddis flies. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology 35(7-9)97-106. Harris,TL and Lawrence,TM 1978 Environmental requirements and pollution tolerance of Trichoptera. Environmental Protection Agency Report 600/4-78-063. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati,OH. Hauer,RF and Stanford,JA 1981 Larval specialization and phenotypic variation in Arctopsyche grandis (Trichoptera: Hydrospsychidae). Ecology 62(3)645-653. Abstract Hauer,FR and Stanford,JA 1982 Ecology and life histories of three net-spinning caddisfly species (Hydropsychidae: Hydropsyche) in the Flathead River, Montana. Freshwater Invertebrate Biology 1:18-29. Hauer,FR and Stanford,JA 1986 Ecology and co-existence of two species of Brachycentrus (Trichoptera) in a Rocky Mountain River. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64 7, 1469-1474. Hauer,FR; Stanford,JA and Ward,JV 1989 Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 3(1) 177-182. Abstract: "River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35-90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m-2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m-2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60-80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept. " Hawkins,CP 2009 Revised invertebrate RIVPACS model and O/E index for assessing the biological condition of Colorado streams. Prepared by Western Center for Monitoring and Assesment of Freshwater Ecosystems, Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University for Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division-Monitoring Unit. PDF Heinold,B 2010 The mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), and caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the South Platte River Basin of Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 375 pages. 148 distribution maps. PDF Heinold,B and Pomeranz,J 2011 Colorado River Aquatic Resources Investigations Federal Aid Project F-237R-18 R. Barry Nehring General Professional V Co-Authors. PDF Quote from page :"Table 4. Population estimates of Pteronarcys californica nymphal exuviae (exoskeletons) per 30.5 m or 100 feet of stream channel along one bank within prime riffle habitat at various sampling sites on the Colorado River during late May and early June 2010 and 2011 compared with sampling sites on the Gunnison River downstream of Blue Mesa, Morrow Point and Crystal dams (2010) and the Rio Grande between Creede and South Fork, Colorado in June 2011."
Hering,D; Schmidt-Kloiber,A; Murphy,J; Lücke,S; Zamora-Munoz,C; López-Rodríguez,MJ; Huber,T and Graf,W 2009 Potential impact of climate change on aquatic insects: a sensitivity analysis for European caddisflies (Trichoptera) based on distribution patterns and ecological preferences. Aquatic Sciences, 71(1), pp.3-14. PDF Abstract: "We analysed the sensitivity of European Trichoptera (caddisfly) species to climate change impacts based on their distribution and ecological preferences, and compared the fraction of species potentially endangered by climate change between the European ecoregions. The study covers 23 European ecoregions as defined by Illies (1978). For 1134 Trichoptera species and subspecies, we coded 29 parameters describing biological and ecological preferences and distribution based on the evaluation of more than 1400 literature references. Five parameters served to describe the species' sensitivity to climate change impacts: endemism, preference for springs, preference for cold water temperatures, short emergence period, and restricted ecological niches in terms of feeding types. Of the European Trichoptera species and subspecies, 47.9% are endemic, 23.1% have a strong preference for springs, 21.9% are cold stenothermic, 35.5% have a short emergence period, and 43.7% are feeding type specialists. The fraction of endemic species meeting at least one of the four other sensitivity criteria mentioned above is highest in the Iberic-Macaronesian Region (30.2% of all species), about 20% in several other south European ecoregions, and about 10% in high mountain ranges. In 15 out of 23 ecoregions (including all northern European and lowland ecoregions) the proportion is less than 3%. The high fraction of potentially endangered species in southern Europe is a result of speciation during the Pleistocene. Species having colonised northern Europe afterwards have generally a large geographical range and are mainly generalists and thus buffered against climate change impacts." Hermann,M; Amekor,MK; Contrucci,E; Evarita,AM; Peeters,ET and Van den Brink,PJ 2025 Multiple stressor effects of a neonicotinoid, heatwaves, and elevated temperatures on aquatic insect emergence. Environmental Science & Technology, 59(28), pp.14226-14238. PDF Abstract: "Intensive agricultural practices, including neonicotinoid insecticides, and climate change are two potential drivers of global insect decline, contributing to biodiversity loss. However, ecologically realistic field experiments investigating these multiple stressor effects on emerging aquatic insects are scarce. To empirically test whether exposure to imidacloprid (1, 10 µg/L) and two different climate change scenarios (i) elevated temperatures (+4 °C vs. ambient temperatures) and (ii) reoccurring heatwaves (+0 to 8 °C) may cause a decline in insect emergence, we conducted an outdoor mesocosm study. Aquatic insect communities were exposed to single and combined stressors, while emergence was monitored during a 3-month period. We report significant losses in insect biomass and abundance under single and combined treatments. The high imidacloprid treatment and elevated temperatures combined caused a significant 47% decline in total insect biomass across the insect orders Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, and Trichoptera. Community structure and population dynamics were significantly affected, with Diptera and Ephemeroptera being most sensitive to the high and both imidacloprid treatments, respectively. Diptera dominated but was significantly reduced by the high imidacloprid and heatwave combination. Temperature-enhanced imidacloprid toxicity and the significant threat these stressors pose to aquatic insect communities highlight the need for effective climate change mitigation strategies to conserve aquatic insect biodiversity." Herrmann,SJ; Ruiter,DE and Unzicker,JD 1986 Distribution and records of Colorado Trichoptera. Southwestern Naturalist 31 4, 421-457. Abstract and first page Abstract: "Previous published records, new records, drainage, habitat preference, altitudinal range, and adult collection dates are presented for 176 species in 15 families of Colorado Trichoptera. Of this listing 53 species are new records for Colorado." gunnisoninsects.org uses distribution information from this paper, see the Trichoptera list :-). Hiley,PD 1969 A method of rearing Trichoptera larvae for taxonomic purposes. Entomological mon Magazine 105, 278-279. Hinchliffe,R and Palmer,AR 2010 Curious chiral cases of caddisfly larvae: handed behavior, asymmetric forms, evolutionary history. Integrative and comparative biology, 50(4) 606-618. HTML Abstract: "Studies of right-left asymmetries have yielded valuable insights into the mechanisms of both development and evolution. Larvae from several groups of caddisflies (Trichoptera) build portable asymmetrical cases within which they live. In nearly all species that build spiral-walled tubular cases, the direction of wall coiling is random (equal numbers of dextral and sinistral cases within species) whereas in all species that build helicospiral, snail-like cases the direction of coiling is exclusively dextral. Asymmetrical tubes result from handed behavior, and ~20% of larvae removed from a spiral-walled, tubular case build a replacement case of opposite chirality. So handed behavior (and hence direction of tube-wall spiraling) is likely learned rather than determined genetically. Asymmetrical larval cases appear to have evolved at least seven times in the Trichoptera, five times as spiral-walled tubes and twice as snail-like helicospiral cases. Helicospiral cases may reduce vulnerability to predation by mimicking snail shells, whereas spiral arrangements of vegetation fragments in tube walls may be more robust mechanically than other arrangements, but experimental evidence is lacking. Within one family (Phryganeidae), one or perhaps two species exhibit an excess of sinistral-walled cases, suggesting that genes that bias handed behavior in a particular direction evolved after handed behaviors already existed (genetic assimilation)." Holzenthal,RW; Blahnik,RJ; Prather,AL and Kjer,KM 2007 Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813 (Insecta), Caddisflies. Zootaxa, 1668: 639-698. PDF Abstract: "The taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of the aquatic insect order Trichoptera, caddisflies, are reviewed. The order is among the most important and diverse of all aquatic taxa. Larvae are vital participants in aquatic food webs and their presence and relative abundance are used in the biological assessment and monitoring of water quality. The species described by Linnaeus are listed. The morphology of all life history stages (adults, larvae, and pupae) is diagnosed and major features of the anatomy are illustrated. Major components of life history and biology are summarized. A discussion of phylogenetic studies within the order is presented, including higher classification of the suborders and superfamilies, based on recent literature. Synopses of each of 45 families are presented, including the taxonomic history of the family, a list of all known genera in each family, their general distribution and relative species diversity, and a short overview of family-level biological features. The order contains 600 genera, and approximately 13,000 species." Holzenthal,RW; Blahnik,RJ; Kjer,KM and Prather,AL 2007 An update on the phylogeny of caddisflies (Trichoptera). In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Trichoptera. The Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio (pp. 143-153). PDF Abstract: "An updated phylogeny of Trichoptera is presented based on 4 independent datasets (nuclear rRNA, EF-1α, COI, and morphology) from 210 taxa representing 44 of the 45 caddisfly families (all except Antipodoeciidae). Analyses were performed using differentially weighted parsimony and Bayesian methods. Results were congruent with previous analyses, with support for the following monophyletic clades: Annulipalpia, Integripalpia, Plenitentoria, Brevitentoria, and Sericostomatoidea. Spicipalpia (Glossosomatidae, Hydrobiosidae, Rhyacophilidae, Hydroptilidae), while not itself monophyletic, grouped with Integripalpia in a strongly supported monophyletic clade. Within Annulipalpia, the superfamily Psychomyioidea, comprising the families Ecnomidae, Polycentropodidae, Dipseudopsidae, Psychomyiidae, and Xiphocentronidae, was recovered as monophyletic, resulting in the revised status of Hydropsychoidea sensu Wiggins to include only the family Hydropsychidae." Hodkinson,ID 1975 A community analysis of the benthic insect fauna of an abandoned beaver pond. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 44(2) 533-551. Hoffman,RL and Parker,CR 1997 Limnephilus moestus Banks, a northern caddisfly in the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Banisteria 10:25-26. Hoffmann,A and Resh,VH 2003 Oviposition in three species of limnephiloid caddisflies (Trichoptera): hierarchical influences on site selection. Freshwater Biology (48)6 1064-1077 Holomuzki,JR 1983 Predatory behavior of larval Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum on Limnephilus (Trichoptera) larvae. Western North American Naturalist 43(3) 475-476. PDF Hornig,CE and Brusven,MA 1984 Effects of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash on leaf utilization by Hesperophylax occidentalis (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Journal of the Idaho Academy of Science 20:1-10. Houghton,DC; Brandin,CM and Brakel,KA 2018 Analysis of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Manistee River watershed, Michigan. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 44(1 & 2) PDF IIrons,JG III 1988 Life history patterns and trophic ecology of Trichoptera in two Alaskan (U.S.A.) subarctic streams. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66:1258-1265. Abstract Ivanov,VD and Melnitsky,SI 1999 Structure of sternal pheromone glands in caddisflies (Trichoptera). Entomological Review, 79, 926—942. Translated from Entomolgicheskoe Obozrenie, 78, 505—526. Ivanov,VD and Melnitsky,SI 2002 Structure of pheromone glands in Trichoptera. Nova Supplementa Entomologica (Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Trichoptera), 15, 17—28. Ivanov,VD; Melnitsky,SI and Perkovsky,EE 2016 Caddisflies from Cenozoic resins of Europe. Paleontological Journal, 50(5), pp.485-493. Abstract: "Analysis of the available data on the findings and taxonomical structure of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) in the Cenozoic fossil resins of Europe shows that there are four European amber regions (Baltic, Rovno, Saxonian, and Danish) are characterized by a relatively abundant trichopteran fauna, comprising 27 families, 72 genera, and 256 species. These faunas show the dominance of Psychomyioidea (families Polycentropodidae, Psychomyiidae, and Ecnomidae) with Polycentropodidae comprising up to 75% of all records. The amber faunas are second in the dominance of Polycentropodidae only to the terminal Eocene of Florissant (84% of Polycentropodidae). No modern caddisfly species have been found. The amber regions are significantly different in the species composition of Trichoptera although the generic and family structures are similar. Comparison with the modern faunas of Europe shows the absence of advanced Limnephilidae, which are characteristic of the Holocene faunas of Europe, and the rarity of recently abundant Hydropsychidae and Hydroptilidae. The overall composition of amber Trichoptera suggests that it is structurally related to the faunas of Caucasus and Southeastern Asia and might be evidence of seasonally low-contrast (equable) climate in the Late Eocene of Europe." Iwata,M 1927 Trichopterous larvae from Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 11: 203-233. JJackson JK, Resh VH. 1992. Variation in genetic structure among populations of the caddisfly Helicopsyche borealis from three streams in northern California, U.S.A. Freshwater Biology 27:29:42. Jannot,JE; Kerans,BL 2003 Body size, sexual size dimorphism, and Rensch's rule in adult Hydropsychid caddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, 1956-1964. Rensch's rule applies to a group of taxa, such as genera in a family or species in a genus. Rensch's rule states that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) decreases as the genus gets larger. Dimorphism means literally 2 (di) shapes (morphs) or in this instance, the difference in size between males and females. In most insects including caddisflies, females are usually bigger. Humans are sexually dimorphic too, except males are larger instead. So it turns out this study is interesting because Hydropsychids violate Rensch's rule. As the females get bigger, male size does not converge with female size. They focused on differences between genera, so it is possible Rensch's rule may apply at the species level. They suggest this result is due to average Hydropsychidae life history. Since the most selection pressure is on larvae, sexual selection (which affects male size) and fecundity selection (affecting female size) is not as strong in these species. It is also possible phylogenetic inertia is affecting SSD in Hydropsychids. Phylogenetic inertia is when selection on ancestral species created a pattern that hasn't changed in todays taxa yet even if the current selection pressures are different. More information is available on the species pages for Arctopsyche grandis and Hydropsyche occidentalis Jannot,JE; Bruneau,E and Wissinger,SA 2007 Effects of larval energetic resources on life history and adult allocation patterns in a caddisfly (Trichoptera: Phryganeidae). Ecological Entomology, 32(4) 376-383. Abstract Jannot,JE; Wissinger,SA and Lucas,JR 2008 Diet and a developmental time constraint alter life-history trade-offs in a caddis fly (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 95(3), 495-504. Abstract Jewett,D; Brigham,DL and Bjostad,LB 1996. Hesperophylax occidentalis (Banks)(Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) sex pheromone structure-activity study with electroantennograms. Journal of Chemical Ecology 22: 123-138. Johnson,KR; Jepson,PC and Jenkins,JJ 2008 Esfenvalerate-induced case-abandonment in the larvae of the caddisfly (Brachycentrus americanus) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27(2) 397-403. Abstract Johnson,NF and Triplehorn, CA 2004 Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition. Brooks Cole, 864 pages. The newest edition of Boring and Too Long :-) Has technical keys to all the insect families and a brief blurb and some illustrations of the creatures. Essential when you stumble on an unfamiliar arthropod in one of your samples and wish to know what it is! Used as a textbook, but not easy for beginners. Johansson,A; Johansson,F 1992 Effects of two different caddisfly case structures on predation by a dragonfly larva. Aquatic Insects 14 (2) 73-84. Jones,TS and Resh,VH 1988 Movements of adult aquatic insects along a Montana (USA) springbrook. Aquatic insects, 10(2) 99-104. PDF Abstract: " The occurrence and movement patterns of adult insects along a forested springbrook near Flathead Lake, Montana, USA, were studied during three 15-day periods from 19 June through 9 August 1985, using a two-sided Malaise trap. Of the Plecoptera, numbers of males and gravid females of Malenka flexura gravid females of Zapada frigida and total numbers of Paraperla wilsoni were significantly higher for downstream-flying adults during one to three periods. Of the Trichoptera, numbers of males of Anagepetus debilis were significantly higher for upstream flying adults during one period, and males of Lepidostoma cascadense and gravid females of L. spicata were significantly higher for downstream-flying adults during another period. In none of the 26 species examined in these three orders did females show a statistically significant pattern of upstream flight." Juras,M; Albertson,LK; Cahoon,J and Johnson,E 2018 Incorporating macroinvertebrate biological structures into gravel-bedded stream fluid dynamics using 3D CFD modelling. Ecological Engineering 119:19-28. Abstract KKashian,DR; Prusha,BA and Clements,WH 2004 Influence of total organic carbon and UV-B radiation on zinc toxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic communities. Environmental Science & Technology. 38(23):6371-6376. Abstract: "The effects of total organic carbon (TOC) and UV-B radiation on Zn toxicity and bioaccumulation in a Rocky Mountain stream community were assessed in a 10-d microcosm experiment. We predicted that TOC would mitigate Zn toxicity and that the combined effects of Zn and UV-B would be greater than Zn alone. However, TOC did not mitigate Zn toxicity in this study. In fact, treatments with TOC plus Zn had significantly lower community respiration as compared with the controls and Zn concentrations associated with the periphyton increased in the presence of TOC. UV-B had no additive effect on periphyton Zn accumulation or community respiration. Heptageniid mayflies (Ephemeroptera) were particularly sensitive to Zn, and reduced abundances were observed in all Zn treatments. UV-B did not additionally impact Heptageniid abundances; however UV-B did have a greater effect on macroinvertebrate drift than Zn alone. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (groups typically classified as sensitive to disturbance) were found in highest numbers in the drift of UV-B + Zn treatments. Measures of Zn accumulation in the caddisfly Arctopsyche grandis, periphyton biomass, and total macroinvertebrate abundance were not sufficiently sensitive to differentiate effects of TOC, UV-B, and Zn. These results indicate that UV-B and TOC affect Zn bioavailability and toxicity by impacting species abundance, behavior, and ecosystem processes. " Keiper,JB and Foote,BA 1996 A simple rearing chamber for lotic insect larvae. Hydrobiologia 337:137-139. Kerr,JD and Wiggins,GB 1993 Larval taxonomy in North American Lepidostomatidae. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Trichoptera, Sweden, 1992, C. Otto (ed.), pp 117-121. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. Kiffney,PM and Clements,WH 1993 Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by benthic invertebrates at the Arkansas River, Colorado. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12, 1507-1517. Kiffney,PM and Clements,WH 1994 Effects of heavy metals on a macroinvertebrate assemblage from a Rocky Mountain stream in experimental microcosms. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 13 (4) 511-523. Kirby,W 1813 Strepsiptera, a new order of insects proposed; and the characters of the order, with those of its genera, laid down. Transactions of the Linnean Society, London, 11, 86-122. The Reverend William Kirby is considered a father of entomology. He studied insects in England in the late 1700's and early 1800's. Here are some quotes from this paper; " When we consider the vast number of non-descript species, with which, since Linné gave the last finish to his System of Entomology, the European cabinets of insects have been inundated, it seems remarkable that few or none have hitherto been discovered which will not arrange under some one or another of his orders:" and in a footnote he names the order Trichoptera. " If these remarks appear to entomologists well founded, and it be thought right to consider Phryganea as constituting a new order, I think it might be distinguished, since the wings of all the known species are hairy, by the name of Trichoptera. "
Kjer,KM 2004 Aligned 18S and insect phylogeny. Systematic biology, 53(3), pp.506-514. PDF Abstract: "The nuclear small subunit rRNA (18S) has played a dominant role in the estimation of relationships among insect orders from molecular data. In previous studies, 18S sequences have been aligned by unadjusted automated approaches (computer alignments that are not manually readjusted), most recently with direct optimization (simultaneous alignment and tree building using a program called "POY"). Parsimony has been the principal optimality criterion. Given the problems associated with the alignment of rRNA, and the recent availability of the doublet model for the analysis of covarying sites using Bayesian MCMC analysis, a different approach is called for in the analysis of these data. In this paper, nucleotide sequence data from the 18S small subunit rRNA gene of insects are aligned manually with reference to secondary structure, and analyzed under Bayesian phylogenetic methods with both GTR+I+G and doublet models in MrBayes. A credible phylogeny of Insecta is recovered that is independent of the morphological data and (unlike many other analyses of 18S in insects) not contradictory to traditional ideas of insect ordinal relationships based on morphology. Hexapoda, including Collembola, are monophyletic. Paraneoptera are the sister taxon to a monophyletic Holometabola but weakly supported. Ephemeroptera are supported as the sister taxon of Neoptera, and this result is interpreted with respect to the evolution of direct sperm transfer and the evolution of flight. Many other relationships are well-supported but several taxa remain problematic, e.g., there is virtually no support for relationships among orthopteroid orders. A website is made available that provides aligned 18S data in formats that include structural symbols and Nexus formats." Kjer,KM; Blahnik,RJ and Holzenthal,RW 2001 Phylogeny of Trichoptera (Caddisflies): Characterization of signal and noise within multiple datasets. Systematic Biology, 50: 781—816. PDF Abstract: "Trichoptera are holometabolous insects with aquatic larvae that, together with the Lepidoptera, make up the Amphiesmenoptera. Despite extensive previous morphological work, little phylogenetic agreement has been reached about the relationship among the three suborders-Annulipalpia, Spicipalpia, and Integripalpia- or about the monophyly of Spicipalpia. In an effort to resolve this conflict, we sequenced fragments of the large and small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNAs (1078 nt; D1, D3, V4-5), the nuclear elongation factor 1α gene (EF-1α; 1098 nt), and a fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI; 411 nt). Seventy adult and larval morphological characters were reanalyzed and added to molecular data in a combined analysis. We evaluated signal and homoplasy in each of the molecular datasets and attempted to rank the particular datasets according to how appropriate they were for inferring relationships among suborders. This evaluation included testing for conflict among datasets, comparing tree lengths among alternative hypotheses, measuring the left-skew of tree-length distributions from maximally divergent sets of taxa, evaluating the recovery of expected clades, visualizing whether or not substitutions were accumulating with time, and estimating nucleotide compositional bias. Although all these measures cast doubt on the reliability of the deep-level signal coming from the nucleotides of the COI and EF-1α genes, these data could still be included in combined analyses without overturning the results from the most conservative marker, the rRNA. The different datasets were found to be evolving under extremely different rates. A site-specific likelihood method for dealing with combined data with nonoverlapping parameters was proposed, and a similar weighting scheme under parsimony was evaluated. Among our phylogenetic conclusions, we found Annulipalpia to be the most basal of the three suborders, with Spicipalpia and Integripalpia forming a clade. Monophyly of Annulipalpia and Integripalpia was confirmed, but the relationships among Spicipalpians remain equivocal." Kjer,KM; Blahnik,RJ and Holzenthal,RW 2002 Phylogeny of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera). Zoologica Scripta, 31(1), pp.83-91. PDF Abstract: "Trichoptera are holometabolous insects with aquatic larvae that, together with the Lepidoptera, comprise the Amphiesmenoptera. Previous phylogenetic hypotheses and progress on our ongoing data collection are summarized. Fragments of the large and small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNAs (D1, D3, V4—5), the nuclear elongation factor 1 alpha gene and a fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) were sequenced, and molecular data were combined with previously published morphological data. Equally and differentially weighted parsimony analyses were conducted in order to present a phylogeny of Trichoptera, including 43 of 45 families. Our phylogeny closely resembles that proposed by Herbert Ross with respect to the relationships among suborders, with a monophyletic Annulipalpia at the base of the tree, and a clade consisting of Spicipalpia plus a monophyletic Integripalpia. The monophyly of Spicipalpia is weakly supported in the combined equally weighted analysis, and Spicipalpia is paraphyletic in the differentially weighted analysis. Within Integripalpia, our phylogeny recovered monophyletic Plenitentoria, Brevitentoria and Sericostomatoidea. Leptoceroidea was unresolved in the equally weighted analysis and monophyletic in the differentially weighted analysis. Within Annulipalpia, we recovered a basal but paraphyletic Philopotamoidea and a monophyletic Hydropsychoidea." Kjer,KM; Thomas,JA; Zhou,X; Frandsen,PB; Prendini,E and Holzenthal,RW; 2016 Progress on the phylogeny of caddisflies (Trichoptera). PDF Abstract: "We present our current phylogenetic hypothesis on the phylogeny of Trichoptera, generated from an analysis of over 7000 nucleotides from 18S and 28S rRNA, EF-1α, COI, and CAD. We corroborate our earlier hypotheses, with results that include a monophyletic Annulipalpia, Integripalpia, Brevitentoria, and Plenitentoria. Monophyly of Psychomyioidea, Pseudoneureclipsidae, and Grumichellinae were confirmed. The "Spicipalpian" families were again found to be paraphyletic, and most closely related to Integripalpia. Ptilocolepidae was not found to be monophyletic, but support for its paraphyly was so weak that we interpret our results as unresolved. We interpret our measures of branch support, and present a collapsed phylogeny that more conservatively represents our current hypothesis. We discuss how these data can eventually be merged into other sources of data, such as COI barcode data and transcriptomes, and suggest that a single huge analysis of all data, with all taxa, is unnecessary if analyses can be phylogenetically subdivided into many separate parts, using transcriptome data to fix the deepest nodes, and allowing faster evolving data to be more appropriately targeted to nodes closer to the tips of the tree." Kohler,SL and Hoiland,WK 2001 Population regulation in an aquatic insect: the role of disease Ecology 82(8) 2294-2305. Abstract and first page Kolenati,FA 1848 Genera et species Trichopterorum. Pars prior. Acta Regiae Bohemoslovenicae Societatis Scientiarum, Prague, 6: 1-108. Working in eastern Europe during the 1800's, Friedrich Kolenati (Wikipedia) described the caddis family Limnephilidae and many other interesting things in this paper. Kolenati,FA 1859 Genera et species Trichopterorum. Part II Moscou. Kolar,CS and Rahel,FJ 1993 Interaction of a biotic factor (predator presence) and an abiotic factor (low oxygen) as an influence on benthic invertebrate communities. Oecologia 95(2) 210 - 219 DOI: 10.1007/BF00323492 Abstract Koslucher,DG and Minshall,GW 1973 Food habits of some benthic invertebrates in a northern cool-desert stream (Deep Creek, Curlew Valley, Idaho-Utah). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 92(3) 441-452. Abstract Kotalik,CJ; Clements,WH and Cadmus,P 2017 Effects of magnesium chloride road deicer on montane stream benthic communities. Hydrobiologia, 799(1), pp.193-202. PDF Abstract: "Montane streams often intercept and run parallel to roads and highways where road deicer is seasonally applied for snow and ice removal. This research used stream mesocosms to evaluate the effects of MgCl2 road deicer to a Rocky Mountain stream benthic community in Colorado, USA. Measured responses included macroinvertebrate drift, community composition metrics, and macroinvertebrate biomass after a 10-day exposure. Natural benthic communities were exposed to concentrations of liquid MgCl2 road deicer that bracketed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) surface water chronic chloride 'aquatic life criteria' (230 mg Cl—/l). Results showed no effects on macroinvertebrate drift, but significant reductions in abundance, taxa richness, and community biomass. Specifically, stonefly (Plecoptera) and mayfly (Ephemeroptera) abundance decreased at Cl— concentrations below the U.S. EPA chronic chloride water quality standard, and at concentrations substantially lower than those generated from traditional laboratory toxicity tests. However, caddisflies (Trichoptera), midges (Chironomidae) and other dipterans were tolerant to all MgCl2 treatments. We conclude that MgCl2 road deicer has the potential to impair montane stream benthic communities at relatively low ionic concentrations, and regulatory agencies should manage for and establish regionally appropriate application rates for this stressor." Kwong,L; Mendez,PK and Resh,VH 2011 Case-repair in 3 genera of caddisflies (Trichoptera) Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Majecka,K; Majecki,J and Morse,J (Editors) Zoosymposia 5: 269-278 PDF LLaFontaine,G 1981 Caddisflies. Winchester Press, Piscataway,NJ 336 pg Lamberti,GA; Feminella,JW and Resh,VH 1987 Herbivory and intraspecific competition in a stream caddisfly population Oecologia 73 (1) 75 - 81 DOI: 10.1007/BF00376980 Abstract Studies Helicopsyche borealis in Northern California. Leach,WE 1815 in Brewster's Edinburg Encyclopedia 9(1) Entomology pp 52-172. William Elford Leach at Wikipedia Lehmkuhl,DM and Kerst,CD 1979 Zoogeographical affinities and identification of central Arctic caddisflies (Trichoptera). Musk-Ox 25: 12-28. Lepneva,SG 1966 Fauna SSSR, Rucheiniki, vol.2, no.2. Lichinki i kukolki podotryada tsel'nosh-chupikovykh. Zoologicheskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR, n.s. 95 [In Russian. Translated into English as: Fauna of the U.S.S.R.; Trichoptera, vol. 2, no. 2. Larvae and Pupae of Integripalpia. Published by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1971.] Lessard,JL; Merritt,RW and Cummins,KW 2003 Spring growth of caddisflies (Limnephilidae: Trichoptera) in response to marine-derived nutrients and food type in a Southeast Alaskan stream. International Journal of Limnology 39(1) 3 - 14. PDF Li,YJ and Morse,JC 1997 Phylogeny and classification of Psychomyiidae (Trichoptera) genera. Pages 271-276 in Proceedings of the 8th International Sympolium on Trichoptera (R. W. Holzenthal, and O. S. Flint, Jr., eds.). Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio. Liess,M and Schulz,R 1996 Chronic effects of short-term contamination with the pyethroid insecticide fenvalerate on the caddisfly Limnephilus lunatus. Hydrobiologia 324, 99-106. Llyod,JT 1921 The biology of the North American caddisfly larvae. Bulletin of the Llyod Library 21. Löfstedt,C; Hansson,BS; Petersson, E; Valeur,P and Richards,A 1994 Pheromonal secretions from glands on the 5th abdominal sternite of hydropsychid and rhyacophilid caddisflies (Trichoptera). Journal of Chemical Ecology (20)153-170. Lowe,WH and Hauer,FR 1999 Ecology of two large, net-spinning caddisfly species in a mountain stream: distribution, abundance, and metabolic response to a thermal gradient. Can. J. Zool./Rev. can. zool. 77(10): 1637-1644. Abstract MMackay,RJ 1981 A miniature laboratory stream powered by air bubbles. Hydrobiologia 83: 383-385. Mackay,RJ and Wiggins,GB 1979 Ecological diversity in Trichoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 24, 185-208. MacLachlan,R 1880 A monographic revision and synopsis of the Trichoptera of the European fauna. John van Voorst. HTML Malm,T; Johanson,KA; and Wahlberg,N 2013 The evolutionary history of Trichoptera (Insecta): A case of successful adaptation to life in freshwater. Systematic Entomology, 38(3), 459-473. Full Text Mani,MS 1968 Ecology and biogeography of high altitude insects (Vol. 4). Springer-Verlag New York 541 pages. Martin,ID and Mackay,RJ 1982 Interpreting the diet of Rhyacophila larvae (Trichoptera) from gut analyses: an evaluation of techniques. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60(5), 783-789. Martinson,RJ and Ward,JV 1982 Life history and ecology of Hesperophylax occidentalis (Banks) (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) from three springs in the Piceance Basin, Colorado. Freshwater Invertebrate Biology 1:41-47. Matsuda,K; Buckingham,SD; Kleier,D; Rauh,JJ; Grauso,M and Sattelle,DB 2001 Neonicotinoids: insecticides acting on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 22(11), pp.573-580. Abstract: "Imidacloprid is increasingly used worldwide as an insecticide. It is an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and shows selective toxicity for insects over vertebrates. Recent studies using binding assays, molecular biology and electrophysiology suggest that both α- and non-α-subunits of nAChRs contribute to interactions of these receptors with imidacloprid. Electrostatic interactions of the nitroimine group and bridgehead nitrogen in imidacloprid with particular nAChR amino acid residues are likely to have key roles in determining the selective toxicity of imidacloprid. Chemical calculation of atomic charges of the insecticide molecule and a site-directed mutagenesis study support this hypothesis." McCafferty, WP 1983 Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermens Guide and Ecologists Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. 480 pages. McCullagh,BS; Wissinger,SA and Marcus,JM 2015 Identifying PCR primers to facilitate molecular phylogenetics in Caddisflies (Trichoptera). Zoological Systematics, 40(4) 459 PDF Abstract: "The molecular phylogenetics of the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) is well studied, but that of Trichoptera (caddisflies), the sister clade of Lepidoptera, is less studied. The PCR primer libraries developed for lepidopteran phylogenetics might work in Trichoptera. DNA from 8 caddisfly species (Asynarchus nigriculus (Banks, 1908), Grammotaulius lorettae Denning, 1941, Hesperophylax occidentalis (Banks, 1908), Limnephilus externus Hagen, 1861, Limnephilus picturatus McLachlan, 1875, Limnephilus secludens Banks, 1914, Limnephilus sublunatus Provancher, 1877 and Agrypnia deflata (Milne, 1931)) was used to screen for amplification. 107 primer pairs for 45 nuclear and 3 mitochondrial genes were tested. Primers for 1 new gene (40S ribosomal protein S2 (RPS2)) and 8 genes previously used in Trichopteran phylogenetics were recovered (16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (CAD), cytochrome oxidase I (COI), cytochrome oxidase II (COII), elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and RNA polymerase-II (POL-II)). New primer pairs extended the genomic region sampled for many genes. Evolution rates among loci varied by 2 orders of magnitude. Differences among evolution rates and modes of inheritance offer flexible tools for resolving phylogenetic questions and examining genome evolution in the Trichoptera. Screening libraries of PCR primers is a useful approach for identifying PCR primers in related taxa with limited molecular genetic resources." McLachlan,R 1875 Descriptions de plusieurs nevropteres-planipennes et trichopteres nouveaus de l'ile de Celebes et de quelques especis nouvelles de Dipseudopsis avec considerations sur ce genre. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 18:1-32, plates 1-2. Robert McLachlan at Wikipedia McLaughlin,JE; Frandsen,PB; Mey,W and Pauls,SU 2019 A preliminary phylogeny of Rhyacophilidae with peference to Fansipangana and the monophyly of Rhyacophila. Zoosymposia, 14, pp.189-192. PDF Abstract: "The phylogeny of Rhyacophilidae was explored with 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Eighty one rhyacophilids were included in the analysis. We found that although Rhyacophilidae was recovered as monophyletic, intrafamilial relationships are not well-resolved using this dataset. Bootstrap support was poor for intrageneric relationships and additional data will be required to present a more robust hypothesis. The recovered phylogeny places Fansipangana as the sister taxon of the rest of Rhyacophilidae. We found that Himalopsyche was nested inside the genus Rhyacophila with the verrula group sister to Himalopsyche and remaining Rhyacophila. These results and possible relationships should be tested with a more extensive data set." McCullough,DA and Minshall,GW and Cushing,CE 1979 Bioenergetics of lotic filter-feeding insects Simulium spp. (Diptera) and Hydropsyche occidentalis (Trichoptera) and their function in controlling organic transport in streams. Ecology 60(3) 585-596. Abstract Mecom,JO 1972a Feeding habits of Trichoptera in a mountain stream. Oikos 23: 401-407. Abstract and first page Mecom,JO 1972b Productivity and distribution of Trichoptera larvae in a Colorado mountain stream. Hydrobiologia 40(2): 151 - 176. ISSN: 0018-8158 (Paper) 1573-5117 (Online) DOI: 10.1007/BF00016789 Abstract He collected in the St. Vrain River of Colorado in the late 1960s. Agapetus sp., Arctopsyche grandis, Brachycentrus americanus, Ecclisomyia maculosa, Hydropsyche sp., Hydropsyche occidentalis, Helicopsyche borealis, Leptocella sp., Neothremma alicia, Rhyacophila acropedes (now called R. brunnea), and Sortosa sp. [Now Dolophiloides] were taken at eight sites ranging from 1565 to 3200 m in altitude. He also notes the elevations where these species are most commonly found. Mecom,JO 1970 Unusual case-building behaviour of Hydropsyche occidentalis larvae (Trichoptera : Hydropsychidae). Entomological News 81:33-35. Mecom,JO and Cummins,KW 1964 A preliminary study of the trophic relationships of the larvae of Brachycentrus americanus (Banks) (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 83: 233-243. Merrill,D 1969 The distribution of case recognition in ten families of caddis larvae (Trichoptera). Animal Behavior 17(3)486-493. PDF Merritt,RW and Cummins,KW (Eds.) 1996 An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 3rd ed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pages. The best all around aquatic insect key and general reference for North America until the newer editions were published. Merritt,RW; Cummins,KW and Berg,MB (Eds.) 2008 An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 4th ed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 1158 pages. The latest edition of a classic aquatic entomology key. Required for all serious aquatic insect identification in America. Metcalfe,AN; Kennedy,TA; Marks,JC; Smith,AD and Muehlbauer,JD 2020 Spatial population structure of a widespread aquatic insect in the Colorado River Basin: Evidence for a Hydropsyche oslari species complex. Freshwater Science, 39(2), pp.309-320. PDF Mihuc,TB and Mihuc,JR 1995 Trophic ecology of five shredders in a Rocky Mountain stream. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 10 (3) 209-216. Abstract: "The trophic ecology of five shredder taxa found in Mink Creek, Idaho was determined in laboratory food quality experiments to assess the obligate or facultative nature of resource utilization among lotic taxa commonly referred to as detritivores. The experiments tested resource assimilation for each taxon among three major resources available to primary consumers in streams; periphyton, fine particulate detrital material (FPM) and coarse particulate detrital material (CPM). Growth of each taxon was determined on each resource in laboratory experiments conducted at 10 degree C. Growth results indicate that only one of the five taxa (middle-late instar Dicosmoecus atripes) was an obligate CPM detritivore. The remaining four taxa (Amphinemura banksi, Lepidostoma sp., Podmosta delicatula, and Zapada cinctipes) were generalists capable of growth on at least two of the three resource types. All four generalists exhibited growth on periphyton and CPM resources suggesting that these taxa can utilize both autochthonous and allochthonous resources. Our results do not support the idea that taxa with similar mouthpart morphology, specifically shredders, exhibit similar trophic relationships. " Milne,LJ 1931. Three new Canadian Prophryganea (Phryganeidae, Trichoptera). Canadian Entomologist 63 The genus Prophryganea was renamed Agrypnia. Milne,LJ 1934 Studies in North American Trichoptera. Part 1. Cambridge, Mass.: Author's publication 19 pp. Milne,LJ 1936 Studies in North American Trichoptera. Part 3. Cambridge, Mass. : Author's publication. 128 pages Milne,LJ and Milne,MJ 1938. The Arctopsychidae of continental America north of Mexico (Trichoptera). Bulletin of the Brooklin Entomological Society 33:97-110. Milne,MJ 1938 Case-building in Trichoptera as an inherited response to oxygen deficiency. Canadian Entomologist 70:177-180. Milne,MJ and Milne,LJ 1939 Evolutionary trends in caddis worm case construction. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 32:533-542. Milne,MJ 1939 Immature North American Trichoptera. Psyche 46:9-19. Milner,AM 1987 Colonization and ecological development of new streams in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Freshwater Biology, 18(1), pp.53-70. Misof,B; Liu,S; Meusemann,K; Peters,RS; Donath,A; Mayer,C; Frandsen,PB; Ware,J; Flouri,T; Beutel,RG; Niehuis,O; et al. 2014 Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution. Science, 346(6210), pp.763-767. PDF Abstract: "Insects are the most speciose group of animals, but the phylogenetic relationships of many major lineages remain unresolved. We inferred the phylogeny of insects from 1478 protein-coding genes. Phylogenomic analyses of nucleotide and amino acid sequences, with site-specific nucleotide or domain-specific amino acid substitution models, produced statistically robust and congruent results resolving previously controversial phylogenetic relationships. We dated the origin of insects to the Early Ordovician [~479 million years ago (Ma)], of insect flight to the Early Devonian (~406 Ma), of major extant lineages to the Mississippian (~345 Ma), and the major diversification of holometabolous insects to the Early Cretaceous. Our phylogenomic study provides a comprehensive reliable scaffold for future comparative analyses of evolutionary innovations among insects." Mogren,CL and Trumble,JT 2010 The impacts of metals and metalloids on insect behavior. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 135: 1-17. Full Text Moh'd,AAM; Nachappa,P; Ruiter,DE; Givens,DR and Fairchild,MP 2022 Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of montane and alpine lakes of northern Colorado (USA). Western North American Naturalist, 82(3), pp.563-576. Abstract: "Adult caddisflies of 138 montane and alpine lentic habitats, primarily lakes, of 7 northern Colorado counties are reported for the first time. Our objective was to provide species records of adult caddisflies from high-altitude lentic habitats that may potentially be impacted by current and future global climate change. Field collections of adults and captive rearing of larval specimens were coupled with unpublished records and an extensive review of published records, resulting in 541 confirmed caddisfly species records. Forty-nine caddisfly species, representing 24% of all known Colorado species are documented. Seven families and 21 genera are represented. The Limnephilidae comprised 76% of the 49 recorded species. The other 6 families were represented by only 1—4 species. One species was documented from alpine lakes only, 25 species from both montane and alpine lakes, 22 species from montane lakes only, and 1 species record could not be attributed to an elevation zone. We documented 6 regionally endemic species, 2 of which were recognized as vulnerable to extinction. Montane and alpine lakes are vulnerable ecosystems likely to be impacted by climate change. Comprehensive faunal surveys are key to understanding long-term biodiversity changes and establishing conservation needs and priorities. Species lists of taxa are important to monitor future faunal biodiversity changes." de Moor,FC and Ivanov,VD 2008 Global diversity of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Insecta) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 393-407. PDF Abstract: "The not yet uploaded Trichoptera World Checklist (TWC) [http://entweb.clemson.edu/database/trichopt/search.htm], as at July 2006, recorded 12,627 species, 610 genera and 46 families of extant and in addition 488 species, 78 genera and 7 families of fossil Trichoptera. [as of 12Jan2024 the web address is https://trichopt.app.clemson.edu/welcome.php] An analysis of the 2001 TWC list of present-day Trichoptera diversity at species, generic/subgeneric and family level along the selected Afrotropical, Neotropical, Australian, Oriental, Nearctic and Palaearctic (as a unit or assessed as Eastern and Western) regions reveals uneven distribution patterns. The Oriental and Neotropical are the two most species diverse with 47—77% of the species in widespread genera being recorded in these two regions. Five Trichoptera families comprise 55% of the world's species and 19 families contain fewer than 30 species per family. Ten out of 620 genera contain 29% of the world's known species. Considerable underestimates of Trichoptera diversity for certain regions are recognised. Historical processes in Trichoptera evolution dating back to the middle and late Triassic reveal that the major phylogenetic differentiation in Trichoptera had occurred during the Jurrasic and early Cretaceous. The breakup of Gondwana in the Cretaceous led to further isolation and diversification of Trichoptera. High species endemism is noted to be in tropical or mountainous regions correlated with humid or high rainfall conditions. Repetitive patterns of shared taxa between biogeographical regions suggest possible centres of origin, vicariant events or distribution routes. Related taxa associations between different regions suggest that an alternative biogeographical map reflecting Trichoptera distribution patterns different from the Wallace (The Geographical Distribution of Animals: With a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct Faunas as Elucidating the Past Changes of the Earth's Surface, Vol. 1, 503 pp., Vol. 2, 607 pp., Macmillan, London, 1876) proposed biogeography patterns should be considered. Anthropogenic development threatens biodiversity and the value of Trichoptera as important functional components of aquatic ecosystems, indicator species of deteriorating conditions and custodians of environmental protection are realised." Morrissey,CA; Mineau,P; Devries,JH; Sanchez-Bayo,F; Liess,M; Cavallaro,MC and Liber,K 2015 Neonicotinoid contamination of global surface waters and associated risk to aquatic invertebrates: a review. Environment international, 74, pp.291-303. PDF Abstract: "Neonicotinoids, broad-spectrum systemic insecticides, are the fastest growing class of insecticides worldwide and are now registered for use on hundreds of field crops in over 120 different countries. The environmental profile of this class of pesticides indicate that they are persistent, have high leaching and runoff potential, and are highly toxic to a wide range of invertebrates. Therefore, neonicotinoids represent a significant risk to surface waters and the diverse aquatic and terrestrial fauna that these ecosystems support. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the reported concentrations of neonicotinoids in surface waters from 29 studies in 9 countries world-wide in tandem with published data on their acute and chronic toxicity to 49 species of aquatic insects and crustaceans spanning 12 invertebrate orders. Strong evidence exists that water-borne neonicotinoid exposures are frequent, long-term and at levels (geometric means = 0.13 µg/L (averages) and 0.63 µg/L (maxima)) which commonly exceed several existing water quality guidelines. Imidacloprid is by far the most widely studied neonicotinoid (66% of the 214 toxicity tests reviewed) with differences in sensitivity among aquatic invertebrate species ranging several orders of magnitude; other neonicotinoids display analogous modes of action and similar toxicities, although comparative data are limited. Of the species evaluated, insects belonging to the orders Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Diptera appear to be the most sensitive, while those of Crustacea (although not universally so) are less sensitive. In particular, the standard test species Daphnia magna appears to be very tolerant, with 24—96 hour LC50 values exceeding 100,000 µg/L (geometric mean > 44,000 µg/L), which is at least 2—3 orders of magnitude higher than the geometric mean of all other invertebrate species tested. Overall, neonicotinoids can exert adverse effects on survival, growth, emergence, mobility, and behavior of many sensitive aquatic invertebrate taxa at concentrations at or below 1 µg/L under acute exposure and 0.1 µg/L for chronic exposure. Using probabilistic approaches (species sensitivity distributions), we recommend here that ecological thresholds for neonicotinoid water concentrations need to be below 0.2 µg/L (short-term acute) or 0.035 µg/L (long-term chronic) to avoid lasting effects on aquatic invertebrate communities. The application of safety factors may still be warranted considering potential issues of slow recovery, additive or synergistic effects and multiple stressors that can occur in the field. Our analysis revealed that 81% (22/27) and 74% (14/19) of global surface water studies reporting maximum and average individual neonicotinoid concentrations respectively, exceeded these thresholds of 0.2 and 0.035 µg/L. Therefore, it appears that environmentally relevant concentrations of neonicotinoids in surface waters worldwide are well within the range where both short- and long-term impacts on aquatic invertebrate species are possible over broad spatial scales." Morse,JC 1981 A phylogeny and classification of family group taxa of Leptoceridae(Trichoptera:). Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Trichoptera, Perugia, 1980, G.P. Moretti (ed.),pp 257-264. The Hague: Junk. Morse,JC 1993 A checklist of the Trichoptera of North America including Greenland and Mexico. Transactions of American Entomological Society 119 1, 47-93. Morse,JC 1997 Phylogeny of Trichoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 42: 427-450. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.427) Abstract Abstract: "The vitality of the phylogenetic dialogue in trichopterology, especially since 1967, is evidenced by the high quality and large number of published phylogenetic inferences concerning caddisflies and the continuing spirited exchange of opinions about some differences among those ideas. Monophyly for Trichoptera seems well argued. Monophyly for suborder Annulipalpia sensu stricto also is widely acknowledged, as is monophyly for suborder Integripalpia sensu stricto. Various postulated relationships of Hydrobiosidae, Rhyacophilidae, Glossosomatidae, and Hydroptilidae (= "Spicipalpia") are less convincing. Phylogenies for several groups of families within Annulipalpia and Integripalpia have been proposed and relationships within at least 126 infrafamilial taxa also have been inferred." Morse,JC 2020 Index to key words, taxa, geographical distribution, and authors. Zoosymposia, 18(1), pp.191-201. PDF This paper is pages of alphabetically arranged caddisfly names, authors and some keywords discussed in Zoosymposium 18, Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Not much fun to read, yet quite useful for scholars of Trichoptera. Morse,JC; Frandsen,PB; Graf,W and Thomas,JA 2019 Diversity and ecosystem services of Trichoptera. Insects, 10(5), p.125. PDF Abstract: "The holometabolous insect order Trichoptera (caddisflies) includes more known species than all of the other primarily aquatic orders of insects combined. They are distributed unevenly; with the greatest number and density occurring in the Oriental Biogeographic Region and the smallest in the East Palearctic. Ecosystem services provided by Trichoptera are also very diverse and include their essential roles in food webs, in biological monitoring of water quality, as food for fish and other predators (many of which are of human concern), and as engineers that stabilize gravel bed sediment. They are especially important in capturing and using a wide variety of nutrients in many forms, transforming them for use by other organisms in freshwaters and surrounding riparian areas. The general pattern of evolution for trichopteran families is becoming clearer as more genes from more taxa are sequenced and as morphological characters are becoming understood in greater detail. This increasingly credible phylogeny provides a foundation for interpreting and hypothesizing the functional traits of this diverse order of freshwater organisms and for understanding the richness of the ecological services corresponding with those traits. Our research also is gaining insight into the timing of evolutionary diversification in the order. Correlations for the use of angiosperm plant material as food and case construction material by the earliest ancestors of infraorder Plenitentoria-by at least 175 Ma-may provide insight into the timing of the origin of angiosperms." Morse,JC and Holzenthal,RW 1996 Trichoptera Genera. In: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 3rd ed. Eds: Merritt,RW; Cummins,KW Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 350-386. Morse,JC and Holzenthal,RW 2008 Chapter 18: Trichoptera Genera. In: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 4th ed. Eds: Merritt,RW; Cummins,KW; Berg,MB Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 481-552. Morse,JC and Lianfang Yang 2004 The world subgenera of Glossosoma Curtis (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae), with a revision of the chinese species of Glossosoma subgenera synafophora Martynov and protogossa Ross. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington: Vol. 106, No. 1, pp.52-73. Abstract Mosely,ME 1919 Scent-organs in the genus Hydroptila (Trichoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 393-397, plates 18-19. Mosely,ME 1923 Scent-organs in the genus Hydroptila (Trichoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 291-294, plates 14-15. NNeave,F 1933 Ecology of two species of Trichoptera in Lake Winnipeg. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie 29(1/2):17-28. Neldner,KH and Pennak, RW 1955 Seasonal faunal variations in a Colorado alpine pond. American Midland Naturalist 53(2) 419-430. Abstract: "Trail Ridge Pond is a permanent body of water about 30 x 70 m and 1 m deep at an elevation of 11,500 feet in northern Colorado. The plankton and bottom fauna were sampled quantitatively during the entire open season at intervals of 7 to 12 days from June 29 to October 29, 1950. Qualitative studies were also made on the macrometazoans living in the shoreline areas and Carex growths. The pond freezes solidly during the winter, and the 1950 maximum summer temperature was 16.1°C on July 29. Dissolved salts ranged from 21.5 to 48.1 mg per liter. Hydrogen ion concentration determinations ranged from pH 6.5 to 7.3. Zooplankton and phytoplankton populations were much more scanty than those in large barren oligotrophic lakes. Entomostraca and rotifers each averaged less than one individual per liter of pond water. Tendipedid larvae and Pisidium (seed clams) attained their maximum abundance in the superficial layers of bottom mud just as the last of the ice was disappearing from the pond on July 14. The former reached 1904 individuals per square meter and the latter 1470. On June 29 only small numbers of tendipedids and no Pisidium were found, and it is concluded that there was a mass migration out of the deeper strata of the bottom deposits during the ensuing two weeks. Following July 14 the population tapered off to a level of 100 to 400 per square meter during September and October. Tubificid oligochaete populations varied irregularly from 0 to 168 individuals per square meter. The phyllopod Branchinecta shantzi was the most characteristic macrometazoan in the pond. It had a bimodal population curve, with distinct peaks on July 29 and September 24. Small numbers of the following were present near the shoreline: Limnephilus larvae (Trichoptera); Agabus and Ilybius (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae); Arctocorisa, Sigara, and Notonecta (Hemiptera); Hydracarina; Prionocera, Stratiomyia, Aedes, and Metriocnemus larvae (Diptera). The dominant and characteristic organisms of Trail Ridge Pond are the tendipedid-Pisidium-Branchinecta community. In general, the pond has an impoverished fauna, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and it is believed that the very short open season and the complete winter freeze of the water mass are important contributing factors. Trail Ridge Pond is compared with other subarctic and mountain tundra ponds in both North America and Europe." Nielsen,A 1948 Postembryonic development and biology of the Hydroptilidae. Biologiske Skrifter, Det Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskab 5: 1-200. Nielsen,A 1980 A comparative study of the genital segments and genital chamber in female Trichoptera. Biologiske Skrifter, Det Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 23(1), 1-200. Nimmo,AP 1965 A new species of Psychoglypha Ross from western Canada, with notes on several other species of Limnephilidae (Trichoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology 43 (5): 781-787. Nimmo,AP 1971 The adult Rhyacophilidae and Limnephilidae (Trichoptera) of Alberta and eastern British Columbia and their post glacial origin. Quaestiones Entomologicae 73: 3-234. Nimmo,AP 1987 The adult Arctopsyche and Hydropsyche (Trichoptera) of Canada and adjacent United States. Questiones Entomologicae 23:1-189. Nimmo,AP 1991 Seven new species of Limnephilus from Western North America with description of female of L. pallens (Banks) (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae, Limnephilinae, Limnephilini). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 93 2, 499-508. Nimmo,AP 1995 New species of Hydropsychidae and Limnephilidae (Insecta, Trichoptera) from the far east of Russia, with description of a new genus of Limnephilidae (Limnephilini). Occasional Papers on Trichoptera Taxonomy 1, 1-15. OOláh,J; Andersen,T; Beshkov,S; Bilalli,A; Coppa,G and Kovács,T 2019 Lineage sorting by parameres in Limnephilinae subfamily (Trichoptera): with description of a new tribe, new genera and new species. Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest), 50, pp.3-98. PDF Olden,JD; Hoffman,AL; Monroe,JB; and Poff,NL 2004 Movement behaviour and dynamics of an aquatic insect in a stream benthic landscape. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82:1135-1146. PDF. Discusses the behavior of Agapetus boulderensis with variation in current velocites and algal habitat. Ogilvie,GA and Clifford,HF 1986 Life histories, production, and microdistribution of two caddisflies (Trichoptera) in a Rocky Mountain Stream. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64(12)2706-2716. Otto,C and Svensson,BS 1981 Why do Potamophylax cingulatus (Steph.)(Trichoptera) larvae aggregate at pupation?. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Trichoptera (pp. 285-291). Springer Netherlands. Abstract: " In stream-living Potamophylax cingulatus, current velocity was found to be an ultimate factor in guiding settlement of the larvae prior to pupation, areas of high current velocity being avoided. In areas suitable for pupation, i.e. in a low current regime, the larvae formed aggregations only under certain stones. Most pupae were found in large (> 40 inds.) aggregations, where also hatching success was highest. Infestation by a chironomid larva, Polypedilum fallax Joh., peaked at intermediate aggregation size. We suggest pupal aggregations to be formed in order to reduce the risk of becoming a victim of the chironomid. " PPalmquist,K; Jepson,P and Jenkins,J 2008 Impact of aquatic insect life stage and emergence strategy on sensitivity to esfenvalerate exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27(8)1728-1734 Abstract Parisek,CA; Marchetti,MP and Cover,MR 2023 Morphological plasticity in a caddisfly that co-occurs in lakes and streams. Freshwater Science, 42(2), pp.161-175. PDF Parker,CR and Wiggins,GB 1985 The nearctic caddisfly genus Hesperophylax (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 61(10)2443-2472. Peck,DL and Smith,SD 1978 A revision of the Rhyacophila coloradensis complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae). Melanderia 27, 1-24. Peckarsky,BL 1980 Influence of detritus on colonization of stream invertebrates. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, 957-963. Peckarsky,BL 1983 Biotic interactions or abiotic limitations? A model of lotic community structure. In: Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems. Eds: Fontaine III,Thomas D; Bartell,Steven M Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 303-323. Peckarsky,BL 1985 Do predaceous stoneflies and siltation affect the structure of stream insect communities colonizing enclosures? Canadian Journal of Zoology (63) 1519-1530. PDF Peckarsky,BL; Dodson,SI and Conklin,DJ 1985 A key to the aquatic insects of streams in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab, including chironomid larvae from streams and ponds. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver CO. 47 pages. The first local Gunnison County species list and key. Some names have changed and more species have been found since this publication. Peckarsky,BL; Fraissinet,PR; Penton,MA and Conklin Jr,DJ 1990 Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Northeastern North America. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 442 pages. Not about western insects, but useful to the genus level. Pennack,RW and Ward,JV 1986 Interstital faunal communities of the hyporheic and adjacent groundwater biotopes of a Colorado mountain stream. Archiv für Hydrobiologie Suppl. 74 3, 356-396. Perry,SA; Perry,WB; Stanford,JA 1986 Effects of stream regulation on density, growth, and emergence of two mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) and a caddisfly (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in two Rocky Mountain rivers (U.S.A.). Canadian Journal of Zoology 64(3):656-666. Pescador,ML; Rasmussen,AK and Harris,SC 2004 Identification manual for the caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae of Florida. Division of Water Resource Management, Florida Department of Environmental Protection. PDF Pictet,FJ 1834 Recherches pour servir à l'histoire et l'anatomie des Phryganides. A. Cherbuliez, Geneva. Piccardo,M; Bertoli,M; Pastorino,P; Barceló,D; Provenza,F; Lesa,D; Anselmi,S; Elia,AC; Prearo,M; Pizzul,E and Renzi,M 2021 Lethal and sublethal responses of Hydropsyche pellucidula (Insecta, Trichoptera) to commercial polypropylene microplastics after different preconditioning treatments. Toxics, 9(10), p.256. PDF Abstract: "Microplastics (MPs) pose biological and chemical hazards in aquatic and terrestrial food webs across the globe. Research on microplastic contamination has long focused on marine ecosystems, whereas the toxicological impact on freshwater organisms is still little explored. In this study, the lethal and sublethal response of the freshwater macroinvertebrate Hydropsyche pellucidula exposed to polypropylene MPs after different pre-conditioning treatments was assessed. Field samples were collected in a riverine system (Vipacco river; northeast Italy) to assess the characteristics of the MPs in the aquatic environment Both water and sediment were contaminated by MPs (3.73 ± 2.11 items m-3 per min and 3.33 ± 4.16 items dm-3, respectively). The chemical MPs composition included polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, polyamide, polypropylene, and polyethylene. Polypropylene (PP), although not the most abundant polymer recorded in the study area, was preferred over the other types according to its abundance in freshwater and H. pellucidula feeding behavior. A housing test was performed to recreate the natural conditions of larvae sampled for a reliable response to the ecotoxicological tests. The microplastics underwent either preconditioning with Vipacco River water (PP-river) and surfactant Triton X-100 (PP-sf) or no pre-treatment (PP). Submersion of microplastics in 10 µg L-1 of surfactant solution for 24 h was sufficient to induce consistent spectral changes and modify the chemical profile of the plastic surface. Mortality rate differed according to treatment: PP and PP-river > positive control > PP-sf > negative control. Integrated biomarker response (IBRv2) and analysis of oxidative stress biomarker levels showed a greater response of superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in larvae treated with PP conditioned in surfactant. Our findings enhance knowledge on the toxicity of PP and conditioning phases on H. pellucidula larvae." Poff,NL; Olden,JD; Viera,NKM; Finn,DS; Simmons,MP and Kondratieff,BC 2006 Functional trait niches of American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 25 (4) 730-755. PDF Abstract: "The use of species traits to characterize the functional composition of benthic invertebrate communities has become well established in the ecological literature. This approach holds much potential for predicting changes of both species and species assemblages along environmental gradients in terms of traits that are sensitive to local environmental conditions. Further, in the burgeoning field of biomonitoring, a functional approach provides a predictive basis for understanding community-level responses along gradients of environmental alteration caused by humans. Despite much progress in recent years, the full potential of the functional traits-based approach is currently limited by several factors, both conceptual and methodological. Most notably, we lack adequate understanding of how individual traits are intercorrelated and how this lack of independence among traits reflects phylogenetic (evolutionary) constraint. A better understanding is needed if we are to make the transition from a largely univariate approach that considers single-trait responses along single environmental gradients to a multivariate one that more realistically accounts for the responses of many traits across multiple environmental gradients characteristic of most human-dominated landscapes. Our primary objective in this paper is to explore the issue of inter-trait correlations for lotic insects and to identify opportunities and challenges for advancing the theory and application of traits-based approaches in stream community ecology. We created a new database on species-trait composition of North American lotic insects. Using published accounts and expert opinion, we collected information on 20 species traits (in 59 trait states) that fell into 4 broad categories: life-history, morphological, mobility, and ecological. First, we demonstrate the importance of considering how the linkage of specific trait states within a taxon is critical to developing a more-robust traits-based community ecology. Second, we examine the statistical correlations among traits and trait states for the 311 taxa to identify trait syndromes and specify which traits provide unique (uncorrelated) information that can be used to guide trait selection in ecological studies. Third, we examine the evolutionary associations among traits by mapping trait states onto a phylogentic tree derived from morphological and molecular analyses and classifications from the literature. We examine the evolutionary lability of individual traits by assessing the extent to which they are unconstrained by phylogenic relationships across the taxa. By focusing on the lability of traits within lotic genera of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera, taxa often used as water-quality indicators, we show how a traits-based approach can allow a priori expectations of the differential response of these taxa to specific environmental gradients. We conclude with some ideas about how specific trait linkages, statistical correlations among traits, and evolutionary lability of traits can be used in combination with a mechanistic understanding of trait response along environmental gradients to select robust traits useful for a more predictive community ecology. We indicate how these new insights can direct the research in statistical modeling that is necessary to achieve the full potential of models that can predict how multiple traits will respond along multiple environmental gradients." Poff,NL and Ward,JV 1988 Use of occupied Glossosoma verdona (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) cases by early instars of Baetis spp.(Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in a Rocky Mountain stream. Entomological news (USA). Poff,NL and JV Ward. 1992 Heterogeneous currents and algal resources mediate in situ foraging activity of a mobile stream grazer. Oikos 65:465-478. PDF Poff,NL; Wellnitz,TA and Monroe,JB 2003 Redundancy among three herbivorous insects across an experimental current velocity gradient. Oecologia 134:262-269 PDF Prather,AL and Morse,JC 2001 Eastern Nearctic Rhyacophila species, with revision of the Rhyacophila invaria group (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae). Transactions of American Entomological Society 127 1, 85-166. ERRATUM http://entweb.clemson.edu/research/rhyacophila.htm Has updated keys to Eastern Rhyacophila Females, Males, Larvae. Provancher,MA 1877 Petite fauna entomologique du Canada. Trichoptères. Naturaliste Canadien 9: 241-244. Prusha,BA and Clements,WH 2004 Landscape attributes, dissolved organic C, and metal bioaccumulation in aquatic macroinvertebrates (Arkansas River Basin, Colorado). Journal of the North American Benthological Society 23 (2) 327-339. Abstract QRRader,RB and Belish, TA 1999 Influence of mild to severe flow alterations on invertebrates in three mountain streams. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management. 15(4)353 - 363. Quote: "Water abstraction (extent and timing of diversion) could be managed to minimize risks to downstream ecological resources." Rasmussen,AK and Morse,JC 2023 Distributional Checklist of Nearctic Trichoptera (2022 Revision). Florida A&M University, Tallahassee. 541 pp. [Available at https://www.Trichoptera.org] Resh,VH 1972 A technique for rearing caddisflies (Trichoptera). Canadian Entomologist 104: 1959-1961. Abstract: " Viable egg masses were obtained from adult caddisflies during revival from CO2 anesthetization. The egg masses were maintained in aerated water and the eggs hatched in 1 or 2 days. Larvae were supplied various food sources (bacteria, algae, and invertebrates) and case building materials. This technique permits casemaking and other aspects of larval behavior to be observed, and allows for complete description of associated larvae. " Resh,VH; Lamberti,GA and Wood,JR 1984 Biology of the caddisfly Helicopsyche borealis (Hagen): a comparison of North American populations. Freshwater Invertebrate Biology, (4)172-180 Abstract and first page Richards,C and Braendle,B 1997 Caddis Super Hatches: Hatch Guide for the United States. Frank Amato Publications, Portland, OR, 87 p. Richardson,JS and Mackay,RJ 1984 A comparison of the life history and growth of Limnephilus indivisus (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) in three temporary pools Archiv für Hydrobiologie 99(4)515-528. Roble,SM and Flint,OS Jr. 2001 Nemotaulius hostilis (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae), a boreal caddisfly new to the Virginia fauna. Banisteria 18:35-37. Roemhild,G 1980 Pheromone glands of microcaddisflies, (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). Journal of Morphology 163 (1) 9-12. Abstract: " Previously unreported structures found on the head and thorax of several species of microcaddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) are described. Depending on the species, these presumptive pheromone-producing glands are found either (1) on the basal segment of the antenna, (2) on movable and immovable occipital sclerites, (3) as eversible organs from the occipital area of the head, or (4) on structures which are attached near the bases of the front wings. " Roemhild,G 1982 The Trichoptera of Montana with distributional and ecological notes. Northwest Science 56: 8-13. Roline,R 1988 The effects of heavy metals pollution of the upper Arkansas River on the distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Hydrobiologia 160: 3-8. They sampled the Arkansas River upstream and downstream of mine drainage and clean water inputs in 1979 and 1980. After compositing 3 surber samplers in the field, back at the lab they identified the macroinvertebrates to genus level and used a diversity index to evaluate the health of the macroinvertebrate community. Higher diversity is better. Diversity decreased downstream of heavy metal pollution from the Leadville Drain and California Gulch and increased downstream of clean water inputs. del Rosario,RB; Betts,EA; Resh, VH. 2002 Cow manure in headwater streams: tracing aquatic insect responses to organic enrichment. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 21: 278-289 Abstract Ross,HH 1938 Descriptions of Nearctic Caddisflies with special reference to the Illinois species. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 21:101-183. PDF Ross,HH 1938 Lectotypes of North American caddis flies in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Psyche 45:1-61 entire paper Ross,HH 1941 Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 67:35-126. Ross,HH 1944 The Caddis Flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Natural History Survey of Illinois 23 Los Angeles, CA. 326 pages. PDF This was the first overview of caddisflies in North America that has been widely used ever since. Many taxonomy changes have occured since this book was written. Visit the Integrated Taxonomic Information System http://www.itis.gov/ for assistance with old names. Ross,HH 1946 A review of the nearctic Lepidostomatidae (Trichoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 39:265-291. Ross,HH 1947 Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera, with synoptic notes. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 73:105-124. Ross,HH 1949. The caddisfly genus Neothremma Banks (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 39:92-93. Ross,HH 1950a New species of nearctic Rhyacophila (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 40 8, 260-265. Ross,HH 1950b Synoptic notes on some nearctic Limnephilid caddisflies (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). American Midland Naturalist 43 2, 410-429. Ross,HH 1951 Phylogeny and biogeography of the caddisflies of the genera Agapetus and Electragapetus (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41 (11) 347-356. Ross,HH 1956 Evolution and classification of the mountain caddisflies. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 213 pages. Ross,HH 1959 Trichoptera. In Freshwater Biology, 2nd edition, Edmundson,WT (ed.), Riley, New York 1024-1049. Ross,HH 1967 The evolution and past dispersal of the Trichoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 12, 169-207. Ross,HH; Merkley,DR 1952 An annotated key to the nearctic males of Limnephilus (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae). American Midland Naturalist 47:435-455. first page Rouhova,L; Zurovcova,M; Hradilova,M; Sery,M; Sehadova,H and Zurovec,M 2024 Comprehensive analysis of silk proteins and gland compartments in Limnephilus lunatus, a case-making trichopteran. BMC genomics, 25(1), p.472. HTML Roy,D and Harper,PP 1980. Females of the Nearctic Molanna (Trichoptera: Molannidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society in Washington 82:299-236. Ruesink,JL and Srivastava,DS 2001 Numerical and per capita responses to species loss: mechanisms maintaining ecosystem function in a community of stream insect detritivores. Oikos 93(2)221-234. Ruiter,DE 1990 A new species of Neotrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from Colorado with additions and corrections to the distributions and records of Colorado Trichoptera. Entomological News 101:88-92. Abstract: "Neotrichia downsi, new species is described from Jackson County, Colorado. Illustrations of the male and female genitalia are provided. Additions and corrections to the list of Colorado Trichoptera are also included. Fifteen species are added to the Colorado list, bringing the total number of species reported from Colorado to 188. " Ruiter,DE 1995 The adult Limnephilus Leach (Trichoptera:Limnephilidae) of the new world. Vol. XI Ohio Biological Survey, College of Biological Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 200 pages. All about adult Limnephilus, but definately the key to use if you're working with light trap samples or have reared specimens. We have a few zillion Limnephilus species in Gunnison County so this book is very handy. Ruiter,DE 1999 A new species and new synonym in the genus Psychoronia (Limnephilidae), with significant records for caddisflies (Trichoptera) from western North America. Great Basin Naturalist 59:160-168. View Online Ruiter,DE 2000 Generic key to the adult ocellate Limnephiloidea of the Western Hemisphere (Insecta: Trichoptera). Ohio Biological Survey Miscellaneous Contributions Number 5 Columbus, Ohio iv + 22p. Ruse,LP and Herrmann,SJ 2000 Plecoptera and Trichoptera species distribution related to environmental characteristics of the metal-polluted Arkansas River, Colorado. Western North American Naturalist 60 (1) 57-65. PDF SSánchez-Bayo,F and Wyckhuys,KA 2019 Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biological conservation, 232, pp.8-27. PDF Abstract: "Biodiversity of insects is threatened worldwide. Here, we present a comprehensive review of 73 historical reports of insect declines from across the globe, and systematically assess the underlying drivers. Our work reveals dramatic rates of decline that may lead to the extinction of 40% of the world's insect species over the next few decades. In terrestrial ecosystems, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and dung beetles (Coleoptera) appear to be the taxa most affected, whereas four major aquatic taxa (Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera) have already lost a considerable proportion of species. Affected insect groups not only include specialists that occupy particular ecological niches, but also many common and generalist species. Concurrently, the abundance of a small number of species is increasing; these are all adaptable, generalist species that are occupying the vacant niches left by the ones declining. Among aquatic insects, habitat and dietary generalists, and pollutant-tolerant species are replacing the large biodiversity losses experienced in waters within agricultural and urban settings. The main drivers of species declines appear to be in order of importance: i) habitat loss and conversion to intensive agriculture and urbanisation; ii) pollution, mainly that by synthetic pesticides and fertilisers; iii) biological factors, including pathogens and introduced species; and iv) climate change. The latter factor is particularly important in tropical regions, but only affects a minority of species in colder climes and mountain settings of temperate zones. A rethinking of current agricultural practices, in particular a serious reduction in pesticide usage and its substitution with more sustainable, ecologically-based practices, is urgently needed to slow or reverse current trends, allow the recovery of declining insect populations and safeguard the vital ecosystem services they provide. In addition, effective remediation technologies should be applied to clean polluted waters in both agricultural and urban environments." Schmid,F 1950 Monographie du genre Grammotaulis Kolenati (Trichoptera, Limnophilidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 57(7):317-52. Schmid,F 1952 Le group de Lenarchus Mart. (Trichopt., Limnoph.). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 25(3): 157-210. Schmid,F 1952 Le group de Chilostigma. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 47(1):75-163. Schmid,F 1953 Contribution à l'étude de la sous-famille des Apataniinae (Trichoptera, Limnophilidae). I. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 96 (1-2): 109-167. Schmid,F 1954a Contribution à l'étude de la sous-famille des Apataniinae (Trichoptera, Limnophilidae). II. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 97 (1-2): 1-74. Schmid,F 1954b Le genre Asynarchus McL. (Trichopt., Limnoph.). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 27:57-96. Schmid,F 1955 Contribution à l'étude des Limnophilidae (Trichoptera). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 28. Schmid,F 1964 Some nearctic species of Grammotaulis Kol (Trichoptera, Limnophilidae). Canadian Entomologist 96(6):914-917. Schmid,F 1970 Le genre Rhyacophila et la famille des Rhyacophilidae (Trichoptera). Memoires de la Societe Entomologique du Canada 66:1-230. Schmid,F 1980 The insects and arachnids of Canada, part 7, The genera of Trichoptera of Canada and adjacent regions. Ontario, In French. 296pp Schmid,F 1983 Revision des trichopteres Canadiens. III. Les Hyalopsychidae, Psychomyiidae, Goeride, Brachycentridae, Sericostomatidae, Helicopsychidae, Beraeidae, Odontoceridae, Calamoceratidae et Molannidae. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique du Canada. Volume 125, 109 pages. Schmidt,TS; Clements,WH; Zuellig,RE; Mitchell,KA; Church,SE; Wanty,RB, ... and Lamothe,PJ 2011 Critical tissue residue approach linking accumulated metals in aquatic insects to population and community-level effects. Environmental science and Technology, 45(16) 7004-7010. PDF Schmitz,EH 1959 Seasonal biotic events in two Colorado alpine tundra ponds. American Midland Naturalist, 61(2) 424-446 Abstract They found Limnephilus sp. in Washboiler Pond and Dead Hat Pond on the western slope of the Continental Divide in Summit County, Colorado, at an elevation of 3,582 meters (11,750 feet). species Schefter,PW 2005 Re-evaluation of genera in the subfamily Hydropsychinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Aquatic Insects 27(2) 133 - 154 DOI: 10.1080/01650420500062758 Abstract Schefter,PW and Wiggins,GB 1986 A Systematic Study of the Nearctic Larvae of the Hydropsyche morosa Group (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). The Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto Canada. Schuster,GA 1977 A previously unreported gland and associated structure found in the genus Hydropsyche. ASB Bulletin 24:83. Shapas,TJ and Hilsenhoff,WL 1976 Feeding habits of Wisconsin's predominant lotic Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Great Lakes Entomologist 9, 175-188. Short,RA and Ward,JV 1980 Macroinvertebrates of a Colorado high mountain stream. The Southwestern Naturalist, 23-32. PDF Smith,SD 1968a The Arctopsychinae of Idaho. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44, 102-112. Smith,SD 1968b The Rhyacophila of the Salmon river drainage of Idaho with special reference to larvae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 61 3, 655-674. Smith,SD 1976 A progress report on the phylogeny of Rhyacophila larvae. Pages 5-6 in Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Trichoptera (H. Malicky, ed.) Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. Smith,SD 1984 Larvae of Nearctic Rhyacophila, part I: acropedes group. Aquatic Insects 6:37-40. Smith SD and KL Manuel 1984 Reconsideration of the nearctic species of the Rhyacophila acropedes subgroup based on adults (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae). In Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. Trichoptera, JC Morse, ed Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. Renames Rhyacophila acropedes as Rhyacophila brunnea. Srayko,SH; Mihalicz,JE; Jardine,TD; Phillips,ID and Chivers,DP 2023 Overwintering capacity of water boatmen (Hemiptera: Corixidae) and other invertebrates encased in the ice of shallow prairie wetlands. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 101(6), pp.434-447. PDF Abstract: "Overwintering in shallow habitats presents a serious obstacle for aquatic invertebrates. Here we investigated the little-known ability of water boatmen (Hemiptera: Corixidae), an aquatic insect, to survive the winter encased in air pockets within the ice of shallow wetlands. We extracted and experimentally thawed large blocks of ice from prairie wetlands in Saskatchewan, Canada, from which we examined the species composition and revival of corixids. While multiple corixid species were present in wetlands prior to freeze-up, a single species, Cymatia americana Hussey, 1920, comprised the vast majority of corixids that were found within the ice later in winter. Only 4%-9% of corixids, all Cymatia americana, revived after ice thawing over both study years. Being encased within an air pocket appeared to be necessary for the survival of corixids in the ice, with up to 300 individuals grouped together. Other invertebrate taxa also revived after thawing, including Haliplidae and Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) encased within air pockets both alongside corixids and on their own, as well as Coenagrionidae (Odonata), Phryganeidae and Leptoceridae (Trichoptera), Chironomidae (Diptera), and Physidae and Planorbidae (Basommatophora), which appeared to be encased in solid ice. The ability to overwinter inside ice represents a little understood survival mechanism of aquatic invertebrates in shallow wetlands, which could confer energetic and reproductive advantages to those that endure until spring." Stanford,JA and Ward,JV 1985 The effects of regulation on the limnology of the Gunnison River: A North American case history. In: Regulated Rivers. Eds: Lillehammer,A; Saltveit,S Universitetsforlaget As., Oslo, Norway, 467-480. Stark,JD and Banks,JE 2003 Population-level effects of pesticides and other toxicants on arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 48:505-19. Stephens, JF 1836. Illustrations of British entomology; or a Synopsis of Indigenous Insects: Containing their Generic and Specific Distinctions; with an Account of their Metamorphoses, Times of Appearance, Localities, Food, and Economy, as far as Practicable. (Mandibulata). 6. [Trichoptera, pages 146-208]. Baldwin and Cradock, London, 240 pages. First described the family Hydroptilidae and Rhyacophilidae. Stocks,IC 2010 Comparative and functional morphology of wing coupling structures in Trichoptera: Integripalpia. In Annales Zoologici Fennici (pp. 351-386). Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. Swegman,BG 1978. The occurrence of an intersex individual of Psychomyia flavida (Trichoptera). Entomological News 89:187-188. Swegniau,BG and Ferrington,LC 1980 New records of western Trichoptera with notes on their biology. Great Basin Naturalist 40(3) 287-291. PDF TTaylor,BW; McIntosh,AR and Peckarsky,BL 2001 Sampling stream invertebrates using electroshocking techniques: implications for basic and applied research. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58(3), pp.437-445. PDF Abstract: "We present a new technique using electrofishing equipment to collect and quantitatively sample stream invertebrates. We used an electrofishing machine with a small anode to produce a localized field of pulsed direct current to induce invertebrate drift. We quickly obtained large numbers of live invertebrates for experiments by passing the anode over the stream bottom upstream of sampling nets. We compared the results of five techniques: (i) electroshocking inside a modified Hess sampler, (ii) repeated electroshocking over a large area to estimate population size by depletion, (iii) traditional Surber, (iv) Hess, and (v) individual stone sampling. Electroshocking techniques provided estimates of invertebrate density comparable with those of traditional sampling techniques. The electroshocking depletion method that sampled a large area provided higher measures of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera richness. Hess and area-restricted electrobug methods had similar density and diversity estimates, whereas the Surber sampler provided low density estimates, especially for mobile taxa. Density estimates from individual stones were inflated, were biased for mayflies, and had low richness. Samples taken with the electroshocking method were processed 40% faster because these samples contained little detritus. Electroshocking techniques can provide accurate estimates of population size and diversity, minimize disturbance to benthic habitats, and reduce processing time." Thomas,JA; Frandsen,PB; Prendini,E; Zhou,X and Holzenthal,RW 2020 A multigene phylogeny and timeline for Trichoptera (Insecta). Systematic Entomology, 45(3), pp.670-686. PDF Abstract: "The Trichoptera, or caddisflies, are traditionally split into two taxonomic subdivisions: the 'retreat-making' Annulipalpia and the 'case-making' Integripalpia (sensu Ross). The monophyly of these groups is well documented; however, the establishment of a third subdivision, 'Spicipalpia', and the positions of the five 'spicipalpian' families is much debated. In contrast to previous molecular studies using nuclear ribosomal RNA, a recent trichopteran study (using nuclear protein-coding genes) placed one of these 'spicipalpian' families, the free-living predatory Rhyacophilidae, as the sister taxon to the rest of Trichoptera, a result that has significant implications for both the understanding of trichopteran evolution and its timing. This paper sets out to investigate the relationships of Trichoptera using several newly sequenced genes, together with previously published gene sequences. This dataset is the largest trichopteran dataset to date, covering six independent genes and > 10,000 nucleotides, and containing 185 species representing 49 families. With all data included, likelihood and Bayesian analyses support a monophyletic Annulipalpia and a monophyletic Integripalpia, which includes the 'spicipalpians' as a paraphyletic grade at the base of this clade. However, an analysis of the protein-coding data alone using similar analytical methods recovers Rhyacophilidae as the most basal taxon in Trichoptera, with low support. A reanalysis correcting for nucleotide composition bias provides support for the placement of the 'spicipalpian' taxa as sister to the Integripalpia, consistent with the total data analysis, suggesting that the basal position of Rhyacophilidae in the uncorrected analysis could be (or is probably) an artefact of base composition. We find it likely that ancestral trichopterans made incipient cases and retreats, and these had independent origins as precocious pupal chambers. Molecular dating analysis in beast, using the birth-death model of speciation, with a relaxed-clock model of sequence evolution informed by 37 fossil constraints, suggests that the most recent common ancestor of Trichoptera appeared in the Permian (c. 275 Ma) in line with the first appearance of Trichoptera in the fossil record, and that vicariance explains the distribution of most trichopteran taxa. A new infraordinal name, Phryganides, is introduced for the tube-case-making families of Integripalpia." Thomson,RE 2023 Catalog of the Hydroptilidae (Insecta, Trichoptera). ZooKeys, 1140, p.1. PDF Thut,RN 1969 Feeding habits of larvae of seven Rhyacophila (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) species with notes on other life-history features. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62(4), pp.894-898. Tindall,AR 1963 The skeleton and musculature of the thorax and limbs of the larva of Limnephilus sp. (Trichoptera: Limnophilidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 115: 409-477. Tindall,AR 1963 Some observations on the physiology of the larval abdominal muscles of Limnephilus (Trichoptera). Journal of Insect Physiology 9: 563-572. Tindall,AR 1965 The functioning of the leg in the larva of Limnephilus (Trich., Limnephilidae). The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 101: 34-41. Torres-Ruiz,M, Wehr,JD; Perrone,AA. 2007 Trophic relations in a stream food web: importance of fatty acids for macroinvertebrate consumers. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 26: 509-522. Abstract UUlmer,G 1903 Über die metamorphose der Trichopteren. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 18: 1-154. Georg Ulmer at Wikipedia Usis,JD and Foote,BA 1991 Influence of strip-mining on the mortality of a wetland caddisfly, Limnephilus indivisus. Great-Lakes Entomologist 24:133-143. PDF VVaughn, C.C. 1987 Substratum preference of the caddisfly Helicopsyche borealis (Hagen) (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) Hydrobiologia 154(1) 201-205 DOI: 10.1007/BF00026840 Abstract Vieira,NKM; Poff,NL; Carlisle,DM; Moulton,SR,II; Koski,ML and Kondratieff,BC 2006, A database of lotic invertebrate traits for North America: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 187, http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ds187 Vineyard,RN and Wiggins,GB 1988 Further revision of the caddisfly family Uenoidae (Trichoptera): evidence for inclusion of Neophylacinae and Thremmatidae. Systematic Entomology 13:361-372. Voelz,NJ; Poff,NL; Ward,JV 1994 Differential effects of a brief thermal disturbance on caddisflies (Trichoptera) in a regulated river. American Midland Naturalist 132 (1) 173-182. Abstract PDF Voelz,NJ; Ward,JV 1996a Microdistributions, food resources and feeding habits of filter-feeding Trichoptera in the Upper Colorado River. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 137 (3) 325-348. PDF Voelz,NJ; Ward,JV 1996b Microdistributions of filter-feeding caddisflies (Insecta:Trichoptera) in a regulated Rocky Mountain river. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, 654-666. PDF Vorhies,CT 1908 Studies on the Trichoptera of Wisconsin. PhD Thesis. 1909 Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences Arts and Letters 16: 647-738. PDF
Vorhies,CT 1905 Habits and anatomy of the larva of the caddis-fly, Platyphylax designatus, Walker. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Arts and Sciences 15:108-123. Vshivkova,T, Morse,JC, and Ruiter,D 2007 Phylogeny of Limnephilidae and composition of the genus Limnephilus (Limnephilidae, Limnephilinae, Limnephilini). Pages 309-319 in Bueno-Soria, Joaquín, Barba-Álvarez, Rafael, Armitage, Brian J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Columbus, Ohio, The Caddis Press. WWagner,R; Aurich,M; Reder,E and Veith,HJ 1990 Defensive secretions from the larvae of Apatania fimbriata (Pictet)(Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Chemoecology, 1(3), pp.96-104. PDF Abstract: "When the larvae of the caddis fly Apatania fimbriata (Pictet) are threatened, drops of fluid appear on their head capsules. The secretions are produced in a gland in the dorsal part of the prothorax. The neck region contains an eversible sac with numerous single setae, groups of 3 setae, or rows of setae on the surface. The secretion is released through two paris of orifices on the lateral sides of the sac. For the most part the secretion is composed of some 30 fatty acids, with the major components having 12—14 carbon atoms and up to 4 double bonds (approx. 1—2 µg secretion per specimen). Biotests with synthetic saturated acids (C6—C12) in a stream and in the laboratory demonstrated a paralysing effect on small invertebrate predators (Rhyacophila sp.,Plectrocnemia conspersa, Hydropsyche sp., larvae, all Trichoptera). In choice experiments, Rhyacophila sp. larvae preferred larvae of Agapetus fuscipes and Drusus annulatus (Trichoptera) as food as compared with Apatania fimbriata larvae. Larger predators, such as Dinocras cephalotes (Insecta, Plecoptera) and the fish Cottus gobio, did not discriminate between Apatania fimbriata and other prey species. The use of fatty acids in defensive secretions is interpreted as an adaptation to the running water environment. They are effective repellents against Rhyacophila sp. larvae, the most important predator in the natural environment of Apatania larvae." Walker,F 1852 Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. London : British Museum Vol. 1 pp. 1-192 Hagen's Glossary has helpful definitions for the words in Walker's descriptions. Wallace,JB 1975 The larval retreat and food of Arctopsyche; with phylogenetic notes on feeding adaptations in Hydropsychidae larvae (Trichoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 68(1) 167-173. Wallace,JB; Webster,JR and Woodall,WR 1977 The role of filter feeders in flowing waters. Arch. Hydrobiol, 79(4), pp.506-S32. PDF Abstract: "Net-spinning trichopteran larvae are used as examples of filter-feeding stream insects to show that various species feed upon a range of particle sizes. Evolution of individual species has resulted in cropping various particle sizes of drifting stream seston. Mechanisms of how this is achieved are discussed. The evolutionary diversity of filter feeders has important consequences for stream ecosystems that transcend the individual species involved." Wallace,JB and Merritt,RW 1980 Filter-feeding ecology of aquatic insects. Annual review of Entomology, 25(1), pp.103-132. PDF Abstract: "Filter feeders are organisms that have evolved various sieving mechanisms for removing particulate matter from suspension (100). Several groups aquatic insects, with habitats ranging from high elevation streams to saltwater estuaries, use this feeding method and consume significant quantities of suspended material (seston), including living organisms and both organic and inorganic detritus. Filter-feeding insects constitute important pathways for energy flow and are very important in the productivity of aquatic environments. Yet, some of these animals epitomize the complex relationship between man and insects since biting adults of certain groups are among man's oldest adversaries. The major objectives of this article are to review the means by which filter-feeding insects obtain their food and to assess the role of these animals in aquatic ecosystems. Filter-feeding strategies by other invertebrates in both marine and freshwater habitats have been partially reviewed elsewhere (82, 100, 101)." Ward,JV 1981 Altitudinal distribution and abundance of Trichoptera in a Rocky Mountain stream. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Trichoptera (pp. 375-381). Springer Netherlands. Abstract Ward,JV, Kondratieff,BC and Zuellig,RE 2002 An Illustrated Guide to the Mountain Stream Insects of Colorado. 2nd ed. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 219 pages. General reference for aquatic insects in the mountain running waters of Colorado. Used by classes everywhere in Colorado. Has wonderful illustrations of some of the common caddisfly larvae. Warnick,SL and Bell,HL 1969 The acute toxicity of some heavy metals to different insects. Journal WPCF 41 2, 280-284. Weaver III,JS 1983 The evolution and classification of Trichoptera, with a revision of the Lepidostomatidae and a North American synopsis of this family. Ph.D. dissertation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina. 411 pages. Weaver III,JS 1984 The evolution and classification of Trichoptera, part I: the groundplan of Trichoptera. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Dr. W. Junk Publishers. The Hague (pp. 413-419). Weaver III,JS 1988 A synopsis of the North American Lepidostomatidae (Trichoptera). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 24, 1-141. Weaver III,JS 1992 Remarks on the evolution of Trichoptera: a critique of Wiggins and Wichard's classification. Cladistics 8, 171-180. Weaver III,JS 1992 Further remarks on the evolution of Trichoptera: a reply to Wiggins. Cladistics 8, 187-190. Weaver III,JS 2002 A synonymy of the caddisfly genus Lepidostoma Rambur (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae), including a species checklist. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 145(2), 173-192. PDF Weaver III,JS and Morse,JC 1986 Evolution of feeding and case-making behavior in Trichoptera. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 5(2) 150-158. PDF Abstract: "A phylogeny of the families of Trichoptera is reviewed to provide a basis for understanding the probable evolution of feeding tactics and case or retreat constructions by larvae. At least 48 hierarchically inclusive homologues are known, mostly from larval, pupal, and adult morphology. Their resulting phylogeny indicates that Rhyacophilidae, Hydrobiosidae, Glossosomatidae, and Hydroptilidae are more closely related to Philopotamidae, Hydropsychidae, and their allies than to Limnephilidae, Leptoceridae, and their allies. This phylogeny implies that the ancestral caddisfly larva was probably a tube-dwelling detritivore, inhabiting humus and detrital mats near the shores of lentic or lotic-depositional habitats. This ancestor evolved into a tube-case-making detritivore and scraper in the ancestor of Integripalpia and into a retreat-making collector-gatherer in the ancestor of Annulipalpia. All other larval feeding and case-making tactics evolved from these ancestral habits." Webb,DW (Ed.) 1996 Current and Selected Bibliographies on Benthic Biology. North American Benthological Society, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. 96 pages. Wellnitz,T and Poff,NL 2012 Current-mediated periphytic structure modifies grazer interactions and algal removal. Aquatic Ecology, 46(4) 521-530. PDF Wellnitz,TA; Poff,NL; Cosyleón,G and Steury,B 2001 Current velocity and spatial scale as determinants of the distribution and abundance of two rheophilic herbivorous insects. Landscape Ecology, 16(2), 111-120. PDF Werner,D and Pont,AC 2003 Dipteran predators of Simuliid blackflies: a worldwide review. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 17(2), pp.115-132. PDF Abstract: "Haematophagous female blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are serious biting pests and obligate vectors of vertebrate pathogens, namely filarial Dirofilaria, Mansonella, Onchocerca and protozoal Leucocytozoon. Immature stages of Simuliidae inhabit lotic waterways, the sessile larvae filter-feeding and often forming a large proportion of the benthic biomass, usually aggregated in well-oxygenated sections of streams, rivers, waterfalls and spillways. Simuliid control practices depend on larvicidal chemicals, biological products (bacteria, nematodes) and environmental modification. The potential use of predators for biological control of Simuliidae has not been exploited. Predators of Simuliidae include examples of at least 12 families of Diptera and other predaceous arthropods (Crustacea and insects: Coleoptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera), invertebrates (notably Turbellaria), as well as browsing fish. Diptera impacting upon simuliid populations comprise mainly Chironomidae, Empididae and Muscidae, although several other families (Asilidae, Dolichopodidae, Phoridae, Drosophilidae, Scathophagidae) play a significant role as predators. Details of predator and prey species and life stages are presented, by zoogeographical region, including the prevalence of cannibalism among Simuliidae." Wetmore,SH; Mackay,RJ and Newbury,RW 1990 Characterization of the hydraulic habitat of Brachycentrus occidentalis, a filter-feeding caddisfly. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 9: 157-169. Wichard,W 2021 Overview of the caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research, 119, p.104707. Abstract: "The study of caddisflies in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber is still in its infancy, it being too early to get more than a preliminary overview of the Trichoptera fauna. With description here of two new and significant taxa, Cretacoptila botosaneanui gen. et sp. nov. and Electrocentropus dilucidus gen. et sp. nov. a total of 34 named species are listed, distributed among 10 families. Several taxonomic changes are made: two established species are transferred to more-appropriate genera, becoming Neucentropus macularis (Wang et al., 2019) comb. nov. and Myanpsyche malaisei (Wichard & Wang, 2019) comb. nov.; a new extinct subfamily † Burminoptilinae subfamily nov. is proposed in the family Hydroptilidae and two extinct families, † Burmapsychidae fam. nov. and † Cretapsychidae fam. nov., are proposed for the superfamily Sericostomatoidea. The small size of adults of many of these species is remarkable. With their 2—4 mm length forewings they are smaller than their next relatives in the Baltic Amber and even much smaller than their present representatives. Thus, not only are the hydroptilids “microcaddisflies”, but also philopotamids of the genus Wormaldia and psychomyiids of the extinct genus Palerasnitsynus, which, being the most common caddisflies in Burmese amber, apparently tended to swarm." Wichard,W and Caspers,N 1991 Caddisflies of Baltic amber - 2. Fossil species of the genus Rhyacophila. Pages 447-451 in Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Trichoptera (C. Tomaszewski, ed.) Adam Mickiewicz University Press, Poznan, Poland. Wichard,W and Pankowski,MV 2024 A new species of helicopsychid caddisfly (Insecta, Trichoptera) in Baltic amber, based on a male with remarkable androconial head organs. Palaeodiversity, 17(1), pp.1-8. PDF Abstract: "A new helicopsychid caddisfly, Palaeohelicopsyche marki sp. nov., is described from Eocene Baltic amber. The extinct genus Palaeohelicopsyche is now represented by three species alongside the genus Helicopsyche, with five extinct species in Baltic amber. The male of the new species is notable for its androconial head organs in the form of paired eversible tubes, a feature rarely found in males of fossil helicopsychids and apparently unknown in extant species. The structure and function of these remarkable male organs are discussed." Wichard,W Kraemer,MM and Luer,C 2006 First caddisfly species from Mexican amber (Insecta: Trichoptera). Zootaxa, 1378(1), pp.37-48. PDF Abstract: "The first 4 new species of caddisflies (Trichoptera) are described from Mexican amber: Culoptila aguilerai n. sp. (Glossosomatidae), Plectropsyche alvarezi n. sp. (Hydropsychidae), Antillopsyche mexicana n. sp. (Dipseudopsidae), and Xiphocentron chiapasi n. sp. (Xiphocentronidae). Culoptila, Plectropsyche, and Xiphocentron are typical members of the Neotropical fauna and the fauna of Mexico; they now are also represented in Miocene Mexican amber. The genus Antillopsyche, previously known from the Greater Antilles and from Dominican amber, is now reported from Mexican amber." Wichard,W; Schmidt,HH and Wagner,R 1993 The semipermeability of the pupal cocoon of Rhyacophila (Trichoptera: Spicipalpia). Pages 25-27 in Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Trichoptera (C. Otto, ed.) Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. Wiggins,GB 1960 A preliminary systematic study of the North American larvae of the caddisfly family Phryganeidae (Trichoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology 38 (6) 1153-1170. Wiggins,GB 1963 Larvae and pupae of two North American limnephilid caddisfly genera (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 58(4)103-112. Wiggins,GB 1973 Contributions to the systematics of the caddisfly family Limnephilidae (Trichoptera). I Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions 94:1-32. Wiggins,GB 1973 A contribution to the biology of caddisflies in temperary pools. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions 88. Wiggins,GB 1975 Contributions to the systematics of the caddifly family Limnephilidae (Trichoptera). II Canadian Entomologist 107(3):325-336. Wiggins,GB 1996 Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). 2nd Edition. University of Toronto Press, 457 pages. Be careful to get the 1996 (2nd) edition, unless you want the older 1977 book for historic reasons. The 1996 edition has lots of new information. This is the bible for Caddisfly identification in North America. This book has excellent illustrations and keys. Each genus has a short discussion of Distribution and Species, Morphology, Case, Biology and Remarks. The illustrations and bibliography are worth the cost of the book alone. As of the publication of this book, Wiggins says we have 149 genera of caddisflies in North America and he has keys to the larvae of all of them except for 4 where the larvae have not been associated. Wiggins,GB 1996 Trichoptera Families. In: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 3rd ed. Eds: Merritt,RW; Cummins,KW Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 309-349. Another bible for those interested in the Aquatic insects of North America. This is the book we use to identify caddis. Watch for newer editions. Wiggins,GB 1973 A Contribution to the Biology of Caddisflies (Trichoptera) in Temporary Pools. Life Sciences Contributions of the Royal Ontario Museum. 88: 1-28. Wiggins,GB 1998 The Caddisfly family Phryganeidae (Trichoptera). University of Toronto Press. 306 pages. Wiggins,GB 2005 Caddisflies: the underwater architects. University of Toronto Press. 517 pages. Wiggins,GB; Currie,DC 2008 Chapter 17: Trichoptera Families. In: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 4th ed. Eds: Merritt,RW; Cummins,KW; Berg,MB Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 439-480. This is the best identification key for the caddis larvae of North America. Wiggins,GB and Erman,NA 1987 Additions to the systematics and biology of the caddisfly family Uenoidae (Trichoptera). Canadian Entomologist 119:867-872. Wiggins,GB; Mackay,RJ and Smith,IM 1980 Evolutionary and ecological strategies of animals in annual temporary pools. Archiv für Hydrobiologie supplement, 58(97), 206. Wiggins,GB, and Richardson,JS 1982 Revision and synopsis of the caddisfly genus Dicosmoecus (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae: Dicosmoecinae). Aquatic Insects 4:181-217. Wiggins,GB, and Richardson,JS 1987 Revision of the Onocosmoecus unicolor group (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae: Dicosmoecinae) . Psyche 93(3-4): 187-216. PDF Wiggins,GB, and Richardson,JS 1989 Biosystematics of Eocosmoecus, a new Nearctic caddisfly genus (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae, Dicosmoecinae) Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 8(4) 355-369. Abstract and first page Quote from abstract: "Keys distinguishing Eocosmoecus, Onocosmoecus, and Dicosmoecus are given for adults, pupae, and larvae. " Wiggins,GB; Weaver,JS and Unzicker,JD 1985 Revison of the caddisfly family Uenoidae (Trichoptera). Canadian Entomologist 117, 763-800. Wiggins,GB and Wichard,W 1989 Phylogeny of pupation in Trichoptera, with proposals on the origin and higher classification of the order. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 8: 260-276. Abstract: "Analysis of modes of pupation in Trichoptera reveals two fundamental types of pupal enclosures and concomitant systems for water circulation. In one (Rhyacophilidae, Hydrobiosidae, Glossosomatidae, Hydroptilidae--infraorder Spicipalpia Weaver), pupating larvae construct a closed cocoon of parchment-like silk, usually discrete from the pupal enclosure of small stones; water currents bathe the external surface of the cocoon during metamorphosis. In the other type (most families in the suborders Annulipalpia Martynov s.s. and Integripalpia Martynov s.s.), larvae construct a pupal cell with open meshes or holes at each end, permitting water currents to bathe the surface of the pupa directly during metamorphosis. Exceptions in the Philopotamidae, Stenopsychidae, Ecnomidae, and Phryganopsychidae are considered. The function of trichopteran cocoons during metamorphosis is considered, indicating that osmotic relations in closed cocoons of parchment-like silk in the Rhyacophilidae and allied families impede the efficiency of respiration mediated solely by diffusion of oxygen across the semipermeable wall of the cocoon. Because ovoid, closed cocoons of parchment-like silk also occur in primitive Lepidoptera, the sister group of Trichoptera, cocoons of this type are proposed as part of the groundplan of Trichoptera. Consequently, the open pupal cells of Annulipalpia (retreat-makers) and Integripalpia (case-makers) are interpreted as derived. It follows that the habitat common to the families constructing closed cocoons--cool, flowing waters--would likely have been the habitat in which Trichoptera originated. The hypothesis proposed for the phylogeny of pupation in Trichoptera is that the closed cocoon of semipermeable silk in the ordinal groundplan required Trichoptera to become aquatic in cool, lotic waters; and that evolutionary innovation through subsequent derivation of cocoons of permeable silk with ventilatory openings enhanced the efficiency of respiration, enabling Trichoptera to invade warmer waters of reduced current, and opening the way for radiation of the major lineages now extant--the retreat-making (Annulipalpia s.s.) and the case-making (Integripalpia s.s.) families. An alternative form of the higher classification of Trichoptera is proposed and discussed, elevating the Spicipalpia, termed the cocoon-making Trichoptera, to the rank of a third suborder, co-ordinate with the Annulipalpia and Integripalpia." Wiggins,GB and Wisseman,RW 1992. New North American species in the genera Neothremma and Farula, with hypotheses on phylogeny and biogeography (Trichoptera: Uenoidae). Canadian Entomologist 124:1063-1074. Wigglesworth,VB 2012 The principles of insect physiology. Springer Science & Business Media. Williams,DD 1983 The natural history of a Nearctic temporary pond with remarks on continental variation in such habitats. Int. Rev. ges Hydrobiol. 68: 239-253. Williams,DD; Read,AT and Moore,KA 1983. The biology and zoogeography of Helicopsyche borealis (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae): a Nearctic representative of a tropical genus. Canadian Journal Zoology 61: 2288-2299. Williams,DD, Tavares,AF and Bryant,E 1987 Respiratory device or camouflage? A case for the caddisfly. Oikos 50(1): 42-52. PDF Abstract:"Two hypotheses exist as to the function of the tubular cases constructed from silk and debris by caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae. One proposes that they provide protection for the larvae by camouflaging them against their background or by providing resistance to the jaws of predators. The other proposes that the case acts as an aid to respiration as, by undulating its abdomen, the larva can create a flow of water through the case and over its gills. We measured, in respirometer chambers at 13°C, the uptake of dissolved oxygen by larvae of 22 species of caddisfly representing a variety of habitat types and phylogenetic lines. Oxygen uptake by larvae in their cases was compared with that of larvae without cases and the species fell into three basic groups: in Group A, representing seven families, the cases appeared to confer a respiratory advantage upon the larvae through reduced levels of oxygen uptake and moderation of respiration rates (i.e., by optimizing rather than maximizing oxygen consumption); in Group B, representing two families, the cases appeared to be a disadvantage to respiration (larvae in their cases consumed more oxygen than they did in the absence of their cases); and in Group C, representing the largest family, the Limnephilidae, for most of the species tested the cases appeared to confer no respiratory advantage (no differences between the amounts of oxygen consumed by larvae in their cases and alone). Given the many uses to which silk has been put in the Trichoptera, it seems reasonable to suppose that construction of a tubular case does not dictate a single function across all case-building species. Our data point to a respiratory function in some species but to a non-respiratory function (probably protection from predators) in others, particularly in the Limnephilidae." Williams,NE and Williams,DD 1979 Distribution and feeding records of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Matamek River region, Quebec. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 57(12), 2402-2412. Abstract Winterbourn,MJ 1971 The life histories and trophic relationships of the Trichoptera of Marion Lake, British Columbia. Canandian Journal of Zoology 49(5)623-635. Winterbourn,MJ and Crowe,ALM 2001 Flight activity of insects along a mountain stream: is directional flight adaptive? Freshwater Biology 46, 1479-1489. Wissinger,SA; Bohonak,A; Whiteman,HH and Brown,WB 1999 Subalpine Wetlands in Colorado. In: Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands of North America: Ecology and Management. (Eds: Batzer,D; Rader,R; Wissinger,S) John Wiley & Sons, 757-790. (3407 KB) Wissinger,SA; Brown,WS and Jannot,JE 2003 Caddisfly life histories along permanence gradients in high altitude wetlands in Colorado (U.S.A.). Freshwater Biology 48(2). Abstract PDF (427 KB) Wissinger,SA; Eldermire,C and Whissel,JC 2005 The role of larval cases in reducing aggression and cannibalism among caddisflies in temporary wetlands. Wetlands 24(4) 777-783. Abstract PDF Wissinger,SA; Sparks,GB; Rouse,GL; Brown,WS; Steltzer,HM 1996 Intraguild predation and cannibalism among larvae of detritivorus caddisflies in subalpine wetlands. Ecology 77(8) 2421-2430. Abstract PDF Read online Wissinger,SA; Steinmetz,J; Alexander,JS; Brown,WS 2004 Larval cannibalism, time constraints, and adult fitness in caddisflies that inhabit temporary wetlands. Oecologia 138, 39-47. Abstract (198 KB) Wissinger,SA; Perchik,ME and Klemmer,AJ 2018 Role of animal detritivores in the breakdown of emergent plant detritus in temporary ponds. Freshwater Science, 37(4), pp.826-835. Abstract: "Few in situ studies have investigated the biological drivers of detritus processing in shallow lentic systems, despite abundant evidence that vascular plant detritus is a primary source of nutrients and energy. In particular, the relative importance of microbial decomposers and animal detritivores to overall detritus breakdown is poorly documented. Caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) are often the biomass-dominant animal detritivores in high-elevation and high-latitude ponds and wetlands in the northern hemisphere. The larvae of many limnephilid caddisfly species are shredders that rely on detritus as their primary food source, and they may therefore play an important role in litter breakdown in lentic systems. Here, we manipulated abundances (present/absent) of caddisfly larvae in shallow montane ponds in Colorado, and compared sedge detritus breakdown rates across treatments. We found that coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) was converted to fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) 2 to 3× faster when caddisflies were allowed access to the detritus than when not, indicating that caddisflies play a key role in litter breakdown in these temporary habitats. Dietary data from the 6 species of caddisflies in the ponds revealed that all primarily consume CPOM derived from vascular plants, although the ratios of CPOM and FPOM in the diets varied among species. The biomass of caddisflies relative to detrital inputs is particularly high at our study sites compared with other eutrophic, low-elevation wetlands. Thus, we suspect that animal detritivory relative to microbial processing may be especially high in these ponds. Future in situ, whole-community studies in basins that differ in hydroperiod, nutrient status, and ratio of detrital inputs to detritivore biomass will be needed to construct a general model of detritus breakdown in shallow lentic freshwater habitats." Wissinger,SA; Whiteman,HH; Sparks,GB; Rouse,GL and Brown,WS 1999 Foraging trade-offs along a predator-permanence gradient in subalpine wetlands. Ecology 80(6) 2102-2116. PDF Wissinger,SA; Whissel,J; Eldermire,C and Brown,W 2006 Predator defense along a permanence gradient: roles of case structure, behavior, and developmental phenology in caddisflies, Oecologia, Pages 1 - 12. Abstract PDF (311 KB) Wisseman,RW 1987 Biology and distribution of the Dicosmoecinae (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) in western North America. MS thesis Oregon State University PDF Abstract: "Literature and museum records have been reviewed to provide a summary on the distribution, habitat associations and biology of six western North American Dicosmoecinae genera and the single eastern North American genus, Ironoquia. Results of this survey are presented and discussed for Allocosmoecus, Amphicosmoecus and Ecclisomyia. Field studies were conducted in western Oregon on the life-histories of four species, Dicosmoecus atripes, D. gilvipes, Onocosmoecus unicolor and Ecclisocosmoecus scylla. Although there are similarities between genera in the general habitat requirements, the differences or variability is such that we cannot generalize to a "typical" dicosmoecine life-history strategy. A common thread for the subfamily is the association with cool, montane streams. However, within this stream category habitat associations range from semi-aquatic, through first-order specialists, to river inhabitants. In feeding habits most species are omnivorous, but they range from being primarily detritivorous to algal grazers. The seasonal occurrence of the various life stages and voltinism patterns are also variable. Larvae show inter- and intraspecific segregation in the utilization of food resources and microhabitats in streams. Larval life-history patterns appear to be closely linked to seasonal regimes in stream discharge. A functional role for the various types of case architecture seen between and within species is examined. Manipulation of case architecture appears to enable efficient utilization of a changing seasonal pattern of microhabitats and food resources." Wold,JL 1973 Systematics of the genus Rhyacophila (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in western North America with special reference to the immature stages (Doctoral dissertation). PDF Wolfe,JM; Daley,AC; Legg,DA and Edgecombe,GD 2016 Fossil calibrations for the arthropod Tree of Life. Earth-Science Reviews, 160, pp.43-110. PDF Abstract: "Fossil age data and molecular sequences are increasingly combined to establish a timescale for the Tree of Life. Arthropods, as the most species-rich and morphologically disparate animal phylum, have received substantial attention, particularly with regard to questions such as the timing of habitat shifts (e.g. terrestrialisation), genome evolution (e.g. gene family duplication and functional evolution), origins of novel characters and behaviours (e.g. wings and flight, venom, silk), biogeography, rate of diversification (e.g. Cambrian explosion, insect coevolution with angiosperms, evolution of crab body plans), and the evolution of arthropod microbiomes. We present herein a series of rigorously vetted calibration fossils for arthropod evolutionary history, taking into account recently published guidelines for best practice in fossil calibration. These are restricted to Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossils, no deeper than ordinal taxonomic level, nonetheless resulting in 80 fossil calibrations for 102 clades. This work is especially timely owing to the rapid growth of molecular sequence data and the fact that many included fossils have been described within the last five years. This contribution provides a resource for systematists and other biologists interested in deep-time questions in arthropod evolution." Wood,JR and Resh,VH 1984 Demonstration of sex pheromones in caddisflies (Trichoptera). Journal of Chemical Ecology 10: 171-175. Wymer,D and Morse,JC 2000 Larvae, pupae and adults of Glossosoma nigrior (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae), with a review of the eastern North American species of Glossosoma. Entomological News 111 3, 149-158. XYZZhou,X; Frandsen,PB; Holzenthal,RW; Beet,CR; Bennett,KR; Blahnik,RJ; Bonada,N; Cartwright,D; Chuluunbat,S; Cocks,GV and Collins,GE 2016 The Trichoptera barcode initiative: a strategy for generating a species-level Tree of Life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1702), p.20160025. PDF HTML Abstract: "DNA barcoding was intended as a means to provide species-level identifications through associating DNA sequences from unknown specimens to those from curated reference specimens. Although barcodes were not designed for phylogenetics, they can be beneficial to the completion of the Tree of Life. The barcode database for Trichoptera is relatively comprehensive, with data from every family, approximately two-thirds of the genera, and one-third of the described species. Most Trichoptera, as with most of life's species, have never been subjected to any formal phylogenetic analysis. Here, we present a phylogeny with over 16,000 unique haplotypes as a working hypothesis that can be updated as our estimates improve. We suggest a strategy of implementing constrained tree searches, which allow larger datasets to dictate the backbone phylogeny, while the barcode data fill out the tips of the tree. We also discuss how this phylogeny could be used to focus taxonomic attention on ambiguous species boundaries and hidden biodiversity. We suggest that systematists continue to differentiate between 'Barcode Index Numbers' (BINs) and 'species' that have been formally described. Each has utility, but they are not synonyms. We highlight examples of integrative taxonomy, using both barcodes and morphology for species description. This article is part of the themed issue 'From DNA barcodes to biomes'. " Zuellig,RE; Heinold,BD; Kondratieff,BC and Ruiter,DE 2012 Diversity and Distribution of Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), Stoneflies (Plecoptera), and Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the South Platte River Basin, Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming, 1873-2010. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 606, 257 p. PDF - caution 46MB Zuellig,RE; Kashian,DR; Brooks,ML; Kiffney,PM and Clements,WH 2008 The influence of metal exposure history and ultraviolet-B radiation on benthic communities in Colorado Rocky Mountain streams. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 27(1), 120-134. PDF Zuellig,RE; Kondratieff,BC and Rhodes,HA 2002 Benthos recovery after an episodic sediment release into a Colorado Rocky Mountain river. Western North American Naturalist 62 (1) 59-72. Good LinksOn this website:Trichoptera Species List Other Websites: Integrated Taxonomic Information System http://www.itis.gov/ Use this website for checking names to see if they have changed. Especially useful when reading older papers. Works for all taxa, insects, mammals, plants etc. Trichoptera World Checklist http://entweb.clemson.edu/database/trichopt/ Brown,WS 2004 Books, Papers, References and Publications informing us about the Caddisflies of Gunnison County, Colorado www.gunnisoninsects.org "There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as if everything is." -- Albert Einstein |