Plecoptera: Nemouridae of Gunnison County, ColoradoIntroduction to Zapada Forestflies, Winter StonefliesRicker, 1952Updated 17 August 2008
Provisional Species List
Good LinksOn this website:Key to the Zapada Nymphs Zapada frigida Introduction to the Nemouridae ReferencesBaumann,RW; Gaufin,AR; Surdick,RF 1977 The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Rocky Mountains. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 31, 1-208.Quote from page 41: "This is the most common genus of the family Nemouridae in the Rocky Mountains. Zapada species are found in almost every flowing water habitat in the northern Rocky Mountains and Z. cinctipes is the most vagile species in the whole group, Euholognatha. The genus is distinguished by the presence of two pairs of cervical gills, one on the inside and one on the outside of the lateral cervical sclerites (fig. 139). Zapada species are abundant in accumulations of leaf material and probably act as shredders of allochthonous material in heterotrophic lotic ecosystems." Carlisle,Daren M; Clements,William H 2003 Growth and secondary production of aquatic insects along a gradient of Zn contamination in Rocky Mountain streams. Journal North American Benthological Society 22(4), 582-597. Abstract and entire paper DeWalt,RE; Stewart,KW 1995 Life histories of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the Rio Conejos of southern Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist 55, 1-18. Ricker, W.E. 1952. Systematic studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications, Science Series 18, 200 pages, Bloomington, Indiana. Described the genus Zapada. Stewart,KW; Ricker,WE 1997 The stoneflies of the Yukon. pgs 201–222 in Danks,HV and Downes,JA (Eds.), Insects of the Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa. 1034 pp. Quote from page 210 and 211: "Nearctic; 10 species, 8 of which are western, from Alaska and Yukon to California and New Mexico. Adults 5-10 mm, emerging mainly Februaary-August, depending on elevation and latitude. Some combination of Zapada species is common in most streams of western mountain ranges and high-latitude streams. Nymphs are shredders, found mainly in coarse particulate organic matter. Ubiquitous species generally have univoltine life cycles at southern latitudes and semivoltine cycles in Canada. " Wipfli,MS, Hudson,J and Caouette,J 1998 Influence of salmon carcasses on stream productivity: response of biofilm and benthic macroinvertebrates in southeastern Alaska, U.S.A. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55(6): 1503-1511 Abstract |